Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers
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Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers
Theory and Design
Rubiola, Enrico; Whitaker, Jerry C.; Rohde, Ulrich L.
John Wiley & Sons Inc
06/2021
816
Dura
Inglês
9781119666004
15 a 20 dias
1372
Descrição não disponível.
Author Biography xii
Preface xvi
Important Notations xx
1 Loop Fundamentals 1
1-1 Introduction to Linear Loops 1
1-2 Characteristics of a Loop 3
1-3 Digital Loops 7
1-4 Type 1 First-Order Loop 10
1-5 Type 1 Second-Order Loop 12
1-6 Type 2 Second-Order Loop 20
1-6-1 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-state Phase Detectors 22
1-7 Type 2 Third-Order Loop 27
1-7-1 Transfer Function of Type 2 Third-Order Loop 28
1-7-2 FM Noise Suppression 35
1-8 Higher-Order Loops 36
1-8-1 Fifth-Order Loop Transient Response 36
1-9 Digital Loops with Mixers 40
1-10 Acquisition 44
Example 1 48
1-10-1 Pull-in Performance of the Digital Loop 49
1-10-2 Coarse Steering of the VCO as an Acquisition Aid 52
1-10-3 Loop Stability 54
References 62
Suggested Reading 62
2 Almost all About Phase Noise 65
2-1 Introduction to Phase Noise 65
2-1-1 The Clock Signal 65
2-1-2 The Power Spectral Density (PSD) 68
2-1-3 Basics of Noise 71
2-1-4 Phase and Frequency Noise 78
2-2 The Allan Variance and Other Two-Sample Variances 88
2-2-1 Frequency Counters 89
2-2-2 The Two-Sample Variances AVAR, MVAR, and PVAR 94
2-2-3 Conversion from Spectra to Two-Sample Variances 96
2-3 Phase Noise in Components 100
2-3-1 Amplifiers 100
2-3-2 Frequency Dividers 104
2-3-3 Frequency Multipliers 112
2-3-4 Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 117
2-3-5 Phase Detectors 128
2-3-6 Noise Contribution from Power Supplies 132
2-4 Phase Noise in Oscillators 133
2-4-1 Modern View of the Leeson Model 134
2-4-2 Circumventing the Resonator's Thermal Noise 144
2-4-3 Oscillator Hacking 146
2-5 The Measurement of Phase Noise 153
2-5-1 Double-Balanced Mixer Instruments 154
2-5-2 The Cross-Spectrum Method 166
2-5-3 Digital Instruments 171
2-5-4 Pitfalls and Limitations of the Cross-Spectrum Measurements 180
2-5-5 The Bridge (Interferometric) Method 187
2-5-6 Artifacts and Oddities Often Found in the Real World 190
References 193
Suggested Readings 197
3 Special Loops 201
3-1 Introduction 201
3-2 Direct Digital Synthesis Techniques 201
3-2-1 A First Look at Fractional N 202
3-2-2 Digital Waveform Synthesizers 203
3-2-3 Signal Quality 220
3-2-4 Future Prospects 235
3-3 Loops with Delay Line as Phase Comparators 236
3-4 Fractional Division N Synthesizers 237
3-4-1 Example Implementation 240
3-4-2 Some Special Past Patents for Fractional Division N Synthesizers 253
References 255
Bibliography 256
Fractional Division N Readings 256
4 Loop Components 259
4-1 Introduction to Oscillators and Their Mathematical Treatment 259
4-2 The Colpitts Oscillator 259
4-2-1 Linear Approach 260
4-2-2 Design Example for a 350MHz Fixed-Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 269
4-2-3 Validation Circuits 282
4-2-4 Series Feedback Oscillator 314
4-2-5 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push-Pull Oscillator 319
4-2-6 Oscillators for IC Applications 336
4-2-7 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 337
4-2-8 Summary 339
4-3 Use of Tuning Diodes 339
4-3-1 Diode Tuned Resonant Circuits 340
4-3-2 Practical Circuits 344
4-4 Use of Diode Switches 345
4-4-1 Diode Switches for Electronic Band Selection 346
4-4-2 Use of Diodes for Frequency Multiplication 347
4-5 Reference Frequency Standards 351
4-5-1 Specifying Oscillators 351
4-5-2 Typical Examples of Crystal Oscillator Specifications 352
4-6 Mixer Applications 354
4-7 Phase/Frequency Comparators 357
4-7-1 Diode Rings 357
4-7-2 Exclusive ORs 358
4-7-3 Sample/Hold Detectors 362
4-7-4 Edge-Triggered JK Master/Slave Flip-Flops 368
4-7-5 Digital Tri-State Comparators 369
4-8 Wideband High-Gain Amplifiers 378
4-8-1 Summation Amplifiers 378
4-8-2 Differential Limiters 382
4-8-3 Isolation Amplifiers 382
4-8-4 Example Implementations 387
4-9 Programmable Dividers 393
4-9-1 Asynchronous Counters 393
4-9-2 Programmable Synchronous Up-/Down-Counters 394
4-9-3 Advanced Implementation Example 405
4-9-4 Swallow Counters/Dual-Modulus Counters 407
4-9-5 Look-Ahead and Delay Compensation 411
4-10 Loop Filters 421
4-10-1 Passive RC Filters 421
4-10-2 Active RC Filters 422
4-10-3 Active Second-Order Low-Pass Filters 423
4-10-4 Passive LC Filters 426
4-10-5 Spur-Suppression Techniques 427
4-11 Microwave Oscillator Design 430
4-11-1 The Compressed Smith Chart 432
4-11-2 Series or Parallel Resonance 434
4-11-3 Two-Port Oscillator Design 435
4-12 Microwave Resonators 444
4-12-1 SAW Oscillators 445
4-12-2 Dielectric Resonators 445
4-12-3 YIG Oscillators 448
4-12-4 Varactor Resonators 452
4-12-5 Ceramic Resonators 455
References 461
Suggested Readings 464
5 Digital PLL Synthesizers 471
5-1 Multiloop Synthesizers Using Different Techniques 471
5-1-1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 471
5-1-2 Multiple Loops 473
5-2 System Analysis 477
5-3 Low-Noise Microwave Synthesizers 484
5-3-1 Building Blocks 485
5-3-2 Output Loop Response 489
5-3-3 Low Phase Noise References: Frequency Standards 490
5-3-4 Critical Stage 493
5-3-5 Time Domain Analysis 503
5-3-6 Summary 508
5-3-7 Two Commercial Synthesizer Examples 512
5-4 Microprocessor Applications in Synthesizers 518
5-5 Transceiver Applications 523
5-6 About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms 526
5-6-1 Representation of a Modulated RF Carrier 527
5-6-2 Generation of the Modulated Carrier 529
5-6-3 Putting It all Together 533
5-6-4 Combination of Techniques 535
Acknowledgments 537
References 540
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 540
6 A High-Performance Hybrid Synthesizer 543
6-1 Introduction 543
6-2 Basic Synthesizer Approach 544
6-3 Loop Filter Design 548
6-4 Summary 556
Bibliography 557
A Mathematical Review 559
A-1 Functions of a Complex Variable 559
A-2 Complex Planes 561
A-2-1 Functions in the Complex Frequency Plane 565
A-3 Bode Diagram 568
A-4 Laplace Transform 582
A-4-1 The Step Function 583
A-4-2 The Ramp 584
A-4-3 Linearity Theorem 584
A-4-4 Differentiation and Integration 585
A-4-5 Initial Value Theorem 585
A-4-6 Final Value Theorem 585
A-4-7 The Active Integrator 585
A-4-8 Locking Behavior of the PLL 587
A-5 Low-Noise Oscillator Design 590
A-5-1 Example Implementation 590
A-6 Oscillator Amplitude Stabilization 594
A-7 Very Low Phase Noise VCO for 800 MHZ 602
References 605
B A General-Purpose Nonlinear Approach to the Computation of Sideband Phase Noise in Free-Running Microwave and RF Oscillators 607
B-1 Introduction 607
B-2 Noise Generation in Oscillators 608
B-3 Bias-Dependent Noise Model 609
B-3-1 Bias-Dependent Model 617
B-3-2 Derivation of the Model 617
B-4 General Concept of Noisy Circuits 619
B-4-1 Noise from Linear Elements 620
B-5 Noise Figure of Mixer Circuits 622
B-6 Oscillator Noise Analysis 624
B-7 Limitations of the Frequency-Conversion Approach 625
B-7-1 Assumptions 626
B-7-2 Conversion and Modulation Noise 626
B-7-3 Properties of Modulation Noise 626
B-7-4 Noise Analysis of Autonomous Circuits 627
B-7-5 Conversion Noise Analysis Results 627
B-7-6 Modulation Noise Analysis Results 627
B-8 Summary of the Phase Noise Spectrum of the Oscillator 628
B-9 Verification Examples for the Calculation of Phase Noise in Oscillators Using Nonlinear Techniques 628
B-9-1 Example 1: High-Q Case Microstrip DRO 628
B-9-2 Example 2: 10 MHz Crystal Oscillator 629
B-9-3 Example 3: The 1-GHz Ceramic Resonator VCO 630
B-9-4 Example 4: Low Phase Noise FET Oscillator 632
B-9-5 Example 5: Millimeter-Wave Applications 636
B-9-6 Example 6: Discriminator Stabilized DRO 639
B-10 Summary 641
References 643
C Example of Wireless Synthesizers Using Commercial ICs 645
D MMIC-Based Synthesizers 665
D-1 Introduction 665
Bibliography 668
E Articles on Design of Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 671
E-1 The Design of an Ultra-Low Phase Noise DRO 671
E-1-1 Basic Considerations and Component Selection 671
E-1-2 Component Selection 672
E-1-3 DRO Topologies 675
E-1-4 Small Signal Design Approach for the Parallel Feedback Type DRO 677
E-1-5 Simulated Versus Measured Results 683
E-1-6 Physical Embodiment 685
E-1-7 Acknowledgments 685
E-1-8 Final Remarks 688
References 692
Bibliography 692
E-2 A Novel Oscillator Design with Metamaterial-MoeBius Coupling to a Dielectric Resonator 692
E-2-1 Abstract 692
E-2-2 Introduction 693
References 699
F Opto-Electronically Stabilized RF Oscillators 701
F-1 Introduction 701
F-1-1 Oscillator Basics 701
F-1-2 Resonator Technologies 701
F-1-3 Motivation for OEO 704
F-1-4 Operation Principle of the OEO 704
F-2 Experimental Evaluation and Thermal Stability of OEO 705
F-2-1 Experimental Setup 705
F-2-2 Phase Noise Measurements 708
F-2-3 Thermal Sensitivity Analysis of Standard Fibers 709
F-2-4 Temperature Sensitivity Measurements 710
F-2-5 Temperature Sensitivity Improvement with HC-PCF 712
F-2-6 Improve Thermal Stability Versus Phase Noise Degradation 712
F-2-7 Passive Temperature Compensation 713
F-2-8 Improving Effective Q with Raman Amplification 714
F-3 Forced Oscillation Techniques of OEO 718
F-3-1 Analysis of Standard Injection-Locked (IL) Oscillators 718
F-3-2 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 720
F-3-3 Experimental Verification of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 721
F-3-4 Analysis of Standard Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Oscillators 723
F-3-5 Analysis of Self Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 725
F-3-6 Experimental Verification of Self-Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 726
F-3-7 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked Phase Locked Loop (SILPLL) Oscillators 728
F-4 SILPLL Based X- and K-Band Frequency Synthesizers 731
F-4-1 X-Band Frequency Synthesizer 732
F-4-2 19''Rack-Mountable K-Band Frequency Synthesizer 737
F-5 Integrated OEO Realization Using Si-Photonics 742
F-6 Compact OEO Using InP Multi-Mode Semiconductor Laser 744
F-6-1 Structure of Multi-mode InP Laser 744
F-6-2 Multi-mode Laser and Inter-Modal RF Oscillation 745
F-6-3 Self-Forced Frequency Stabilizations 747
F-7 Discussions 752
Acknowledgments 753
References 754
G Phase Noise Analysis, then and Today 761
G-1 Introduction 761
G-2 Large-Signal Noise Analysis 762
References 769
H A Novel Approach to Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurements on PLL Circuits 771
H-1 Introduction 771
H-2 Settling Time Measurement Overview 771
H-2-1 Theoretical Background of Frequency Settling Time 771
H-2-2 Frequency Settling Measurement in the Past 772
H-3 R&S FSWP Phase Noise Analyzer 774
H-3-1 Phase Noise Analyzer Architecture 774
H-3-2 Typical Test Setup for Settling Time Measurements 776
H-4 Frequency Hopping and Settling Time Measurements in Practice 776
H-4-1 Trigger on Wideband Frequency Hopping Signals 776
H-4-2 Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurement 777
H-5 Conclusion 780
Index 783
Preface xvi
Important Notations xx
1 Loop Fundamentals 1
1-1 Introduction to Linear Loops 1
1-2 Characteristics of a Loop 3
1-3 Digital Loops 7
1-4 Type 1 First-Order Loop 10
1-5 Type 1 Second-Order Loop 12
1-6 Type 2 Second-Order Loop 20
1-6-1 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-state Phase Detectors 22
1-7 Type 2 Third-Order Loop 27
1-7-1 Transfer Function of Type 2 Third-Order Loop 28
1-7-2 FM Noise Suppression 35
1-8 Higher-Order Loops 36
1-8-1 Fifth-Order Loop Transient Response 36
1-9 Digital Loops with Mixers 40
1-10 Acquisition 44
Example 1 48
1-10-1 Pull-in Performance of the Digital Loop 49
1-10-2 Coarse Steering of the VCO as an Acquisition Aid 52
1-10-3 Loop Stability 54
References 62
Suggested Reading 62
2 Almost all About Phase Noise 65
2-1 Introduction to Phase Noise 65
2-1-1 The Clock Signal 65
2-1-2 The Power Spectral Density (PSD) 68
2-1-3 Basics of Noise 71
2-1-4 Phase and Frequency Noise 78
2-2 The Allan Variance and Other Two-Sample Variances 88
2-2-1 Frequency Counters 89
2-2-2 The Two-Sample Variances AVAR, MVAR, and PVAR 94
2-2-3 Conversion from Spectra to Two-Sample Variances 96
2-3 Phase Noise in Components 100
2-3-1 Amplifiers 100
2-3-2 Frequency Dividers 104
2-3-3 Frequency Multipliers 112
2-3-4 Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 117
2-3-5 Phase Detectors 128
2-3-6 Noise Contribution from Power Supplies 132
2-4 Phase Noise in Oscillators 133
2-4-1 Modern View of the Leeson Model 134
2-4-2 Circumventing the Resonator's Thermal Noise 144
2-4-3 Oscillator Hacking 146
2-5 The Measurement of Phase Noise 153
2-5-1 Double-Balanced Mixer Instruments 154
2-5-2 The Cross-Spectrum Method 166
2-5-3 Digital Instruments 171
2-5-4 Pitfalls and Limitations of the Cross-Spectrum Measurements 180
2-5-5 The Bridge (Interferometric) Method 187
2-5-6 Artifacts and Oddities Often Found in the Real World 190
References 193
Suggested Readings 197
3 Special Loops 201
3-1 Introduction 201
3-2 Direct Digital Synthesis Techniques 201
3-2-1 A First Look at Fractional N 202
3-2-2 Digital Waveform Synthesizers 203
3-2-3 Signal Quality 220
3-2-4 Future Prospects 235
3-3 Loops with Delay Line as Phase Comparators 236
3-4 Fractional Division N Synthesizers 237
3-4-1 Example Implementation 240
3-4-2 Some Special Past Patents for Fractional Division N Synthesizers 253
References 255
Bibliography 256
Fractional Division N Readings 256
4 Loop Components 259
4-1 Introduction to Oscillators and Their Mathematical Treatment 259
4-2 The Colpitts Oscillator 259
4-2-1 Linear Approach 260
4-2-2 Design Example for a 350MHz Fixed-Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 269
4-2-3 Validation Circuits 282
4-2-4 Series Feedback Oscillator 314
4-2-5 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push-Pull Oscillator 319
4-2-6 Oscillators for IC Applications 336
4-2-7 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 337
4-2-8 Summary 339
4-3 Use of Tuning Diodes 339
4-3-1 Diode Tuned Resonant Circuits 340
4-3-2 Practical Circuits 344
4-4 Use of Diode Switches 345
4-4-1 Diode Switches for Electronic Band Selection 346
4-4-2 Use of Diodes for Frequency Multiplication 347
4-5 Reference Frequency Standards 351
4-5-1 Specifying Oscillators 351
4-5-2 Typical Examples of Crystal Oscillator Specifications 352
4-6 Mixer Applications 354
4-7 Phase/Frequency Comparators 357
4-7-1 Diode Rings 357
4-7-2 Exclusive ORs 358
4-7-3 Sample/Hold Detectors 362
4-7-4 Edge-Triggered JK Master/Slave Flip-Flops 368
4-7-5 Digital Tri-State Comparators 369
4-8 Wideband High-Gain Amplifiers 378
4-8-1 Summation Amplifiers 378
4-8-2 Differential Limiters 382
4-8-3 Isolation Amplifiers 382
4-8-4 Example Implementations 387
4-9 Programmable Dividers 393
4-9-1 Asynchronous Counters 393
4-9-2 Programmable Synchronous Up-/Down-Counters 394
4-9-3 Advanced Implementation Example 405
4-9-4 Swallow Counters/Dual-Modulus Counters 407
4-9-5 Look-Ahead and Delay Compensation 411
4-10 Loop Filters 421
4-10-1 Passive RC Filters 421
4-10-2 Active RC Filters 422
4-10-3 Active Second-Order Low-Pass Filters 423
4-10-4 Passive LC Filters 426
4-10-5 Spur-Suppression Techniques 427
4-11 Microwave Oscillator Design 430
4-11-1 The Compressed Smith Chart 432
4-11-2 Series or Parallel Resonance 434
4-11-3 Two-Port Oscillator Design 435
4-12 Microwave Resonators 444
4-12-1 SAW Oscillators 445
4-12-2 Dielectric Resonators 445
4-12-3 YIG Oscillators 448
4-12-4 Varactor Resonators 452
4-12-5 Ceramic Resonators 455
References 461
Suggested Readings 464
5 Digital PLL Synthesizers 471
5-1 Multiloop Synthesizers Using Different Techniques 471
5-1-1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 471
5-1-2 Multiple Loops 473
5-2 System Analysis 477
5-3 Low-Noise Microwave Synthesizers 484
5-3-1 Building Blocks 485
5-3-2 Output Loop Response 489
5-3-3 Low Phase Noise References: Frequency Standards 490
5-3-4 Critical Stage 493
5-3-5 Time Domain Analysis 503
5-3-6 Summary 508
5-3-7 Two Commercial Synthesizer Examples 512
5-4 Microprocessor Applications in Synthesizers 518
5-5 Transceiver Applications 523
5-6 About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms 526
5-6-1 Representation of a Modulated RF Carrier 527
5-6-2 Generation of the Modulated Carrier 529
5-6-3 Putting It all Together 533
5-6-4 Combination of Techniques 535
Acknowledgments 537
References 540
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 540
6 A High-Performance Hybrid Synthesizer 543
6-1 Introduction 543
6-2 Basic Synthesizer Approach 544
6-3 Loop Filter Design 548
6-4 Summary 556
Bibliography 557
A Mathematical Review 559
A-1 Functions of a Complex Variable 559
A-2 Complex Planes 561
A-2-1 Functions in the Complex Frequency Plane 565
A-3 Bode Diagram 568
A-4 Laplace Transform 582
A-4-1 The Step Function 583
A-4-2 The Ramp 584
A-4-3 Linearity Theorem 584
A-4-4 Differentiation and Integration 585
A-4-5 Initial Value Theorem 585
A-4-6 Final Value Theorem 585
A-4-7 The Active Integrator 585
A-4-8 Locking Behavior of the PLL 587
A-5 Low-Noise Oscillator Design 590
A-5-1 Example Implementation 590
A-6 Oscillator Amplitude Stabilization 594
A-7 Very Low Phase Noise VCO for 800 MHZ 602
References 605
B A General-Purpose Nonlinear Approach to the Computation of Sideband Phase Noise in Free-Running Microwave and RF Oscillators 607
B-1 Introduction 607
B-2 Noise Generation in Oscillators 608
B-3 Bias-Dependent Noise Model 609
B-3-1 Bias-Dependent Model 617
B-3-2 Derivation of the Model 617
B-4 General Concept of Noisy Circuits 619
B-4-1 Noise from Linear Elements 620
B-5 Noise Figure of Mixer Circuits 622
B-6 Oscillator Noise Analysis 624
B-7 Limitations of the Frequency-Conversion Approach 625
B-7-1 Assumptions 626
B-7-2 Conversion and Modulation Noise 626
B-7-3 Properties of Modulation Noise 626
B-7-4 Noise Analysis of Autonomous Circuits 627
B-7-5 Conversion Noise Analysis Results 627
B-7-6 Modulation Noise Analysis Results 627
B-8 Summary of the Phase Noise Spectrum of the Oscillator 628
B-9 Verification Examples for the Calculation of Phase Noise in Oscillators Using Nonlinear Techniques 628
B-9-1 Example 1: High-Q Case Microstrip DRO 628
B-9-2 Example 2: 10 MHz Crystal Oscillator 629
B-9-3 Example 3: The 1-GHz Ceramic Resonator VCO 630
B-9-4 Example 4: Low Phase Noise FET Oscillator 632
B-9-5 Example 5: Millimeter-Wave Applications 636
B-9-6 Example 6: Discriminator Stabilized DRO 639
B-10 Summary 641
References 643
C Example of Wireless Synthesizers Using Commercial ICs 645
D MMIC-Based Synthesizers 665
D-1 Introduction 665
Bibliography 668
E Articles on Design of Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 671
E-1 The Design of an Ultra-Low Phase Noise DRO 671
E-1-1 Basic Considerations and Component Selection 671
E-1-2 Component Selection 672
E-1-3 DRO Topologies 675
E-1-4 Small Signal Design Approach for the Parallel Feedback Type DRO 677
E-1-5 Simulated Versus Measured Results 683
E-1-6 Physical Embodiment 685
E-1-7 Acknowledgments 685
E-1-8 Final Remarks 688
References 692
Bibliography 692
E-2 A Novel Oscillator Design with Metamaterial-MoeBius Coupling to a Dielectric Resonator 692
E-2-1 Abstract 692
E-2-2 Introduction 693
References 699
F Opto-Electronically Stabilized RF Oscillators 701
F-1 Introduction 701
F-1-1 Oscillator Basics 701
F-1-2 Resonator Technologies 701
F-1-3 Motivation for OEO 704
F-1-4 Operation Principle of the OEO 704
F-2 Experimental Evaluation and Thermal Stability of OEO 705
F-2-1 Experimental Setup 705
F-2-2 Phase Noise Measurements 708
F-2-3 Thermal Sensitivity Analysis of Standard Fibers 709
F-2-4 Temperature Sensitivity Measurements 710
F-2-5 Temperature Sensitivity Improvement with HC-PCF 712
F-2-6 Improve Thermal Stability Versus Phase Noise Degradation 712
F-2-7 Passive Temperature Compensation 713
F-2-8 Improving Effective Q with Raman Amplification 714
F-3 Forced Oscillation Techniques of OEO 718
F-3-1 Analysis of Standard Injection-Locked (IL) Oscillators 718
F-3-2 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 720
F-3-3 Experimental Verification of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 721
F-3-4 Analysis of Standard Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Oscillators 723
F-3-5 Analysis of Self Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 725
F-3-6 Experimental Verification of Self-Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 726
F-3-7 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked Phase Locked Loop (SILPLL) Oscillators 728
F-4 SILPLL Based X- and K-Band Frequency Synthesizers 731
F-4-1 X-Band Frequency Synthesizer 732
F-4-2 19''Rack-Mountable K-Band Frequency Synthesizer 737
F-5 Integrated OEO Realization Using Si-Photonics 742
F-6 Compact OEO Using InP Multi-Mode Semiconductor Laser 744
F-6-1 Structure of Multi-mode InP Laser 744
F-6-2 Multi-mode Laser and Inter-Modal RF Oscillation 745
F-6-3 Self-Forced Frequency Stabilizations 747
F-7 Discussions 752
Acknowledgments 753
References 754
G Phase Noise Analysis, then and Today 761
G-1 Introduction 761
G-2 Large-Signal Noise Analysis 762
References 769
H A Novel Approach to Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurements on PLL Circuits 771
H-1 Introduction 771
H-2 Settling Time Measurement Overview 771
H-2-1 Theoretical Background of Frequency Settling Time 771
H-2-2 Frequency Settling Measurement in the Past 772
H-3 R&S FSWP Phase Noise Analyzer 774
H-3-1 Phase Noise Analyzer Architecture 774
H-3-2 Typical Test Setup for Settling Time Measurements 776
H-4 Frequency Hopping and Settling Time Measurements in Practice 776
H-4-1 Trigger on Wideband Frequency Hopping Signals 776
H-4-2 Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurement 777
H-5 Conclusion 780
Index 783
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
Phase Locked Loop (PLL); Phase Noise; Frequency Stability; Oscillators; Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS); Fractional-N Dividers; Waveform synthesis; microwave frequency synthesizers; wireless frequency synthesizers; microwave synthesizer design; microwave synthesizer theory; wireless synthesizer design; wireless synthesizer design theory; synthesizers electrical engineering; loop synthesizers
Author Biography xii
Preface xvi
Important Notations xx
1 Loop Fundamentals 1
1-1 Introduction to Linear Loops 1
1-2 Characteristics of a Loop 3
1-3 Digital Loops 7
1-4 Type 1 First-Order Loop 10
1-5 Type 1 Second-Order Loop 12
1-6 Type 2 Second-Order Loop 20
1-6-1 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-state Phase Detectors 22
1-7 Type 2 Third-Order Loop 27
1-7-1 Transfer Function of Type 2 Third-Order Loop 28
1-7-2 FM Noise Suppression 35
1-8 Higher-Order Loops 36
1-8-1 Fifth-Order Loop Transient Response 36
1-9 Digital Loops with Mixers 40
1-10 Acquisition 44
Example 1 48
1-10-1 Pull-in Performance of the Digital Loop 49
1-10-2 Coarse Steering of the VCO as an Acquisition Aid 52
1-10-3 Loop Stability 54
References 62
Suggested Reading 62
2 Almost all About Phase Noise 65
2-1 Introduction to Phase Noise 65
2-1-1 The Clock Signal 65
2-1-2 The Power Spectral Density (PSD) 68
2-1-3 Basics of Noise 71
2-1-4 Phase and Frequency Noise 78
2-2 The Allan Variance and Other Two-Sample Variances 88
2-2-1 Frequency Counters 89
2-2-2 The Two-Sample Variances AVAR, MVAR, and PVAR 94
2-2-3 Conversion from Spectra to Two-Sample Variances 96
2-3 Phase Noise in Components 100
2-3-1 Amplifiers 100
2-3-2 Frequency Dividers 104
2-3-3 Frequency Multipliers 112
2-3-4 Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 117
2-3-5 Phase Detectors 128
2-3-6 Noise Contribution from Power Supplies 132
2-4 Phase Noise in Oscillators 133
2-4-1 Modern View of the Leeson Model 134
2-4-2 Circumventing the Resonator's Thermal Noise 144
2-4-3 Oscillator Hacking 146
2-5 The Measurement of Phase Noise 153
2-5-1 Double-Balanced Mixer Instruments 154
2-5-2 The Cross-Spectrum Method 166
2-5-3 Digital Instruments 171
2-5-4 Pitfalls and Limitations of the Cross-Spectrum Measurements 180
2-5-5 The Bridge (Interferometric) Method 187
2-5-6 Artifacts and Oddities Often Found in the Real World 190
References 193
Suggested Readings 197
3 Special Loops 201
3-1 Introduction 201
3-2 Direct Digital Synthesis Techniques 201
3-2-1 A First Look at Fractional N 202
3-2-2 Digital Waveform Synthesizers 203
3-2-3 Signal Quality 220
3-2-4 Future Prospects 235
3-3 Loops with Delay Line as Phase Comparators 236
3-4 Fractional Division N Synthesizers 237
3-4-1 Example Implementation 240
3-4-2 Some Special Past Patents for Fractional Division N Synthesizers 253
References 255
Bibliography 256
Fractional Division N Readings 256
4 Loop Components 259
4-1 Introduction to Oscillators and Their Mathematical Treatment 259
4-2 The Colpitts Oscillator 259
4-2-1 Linear Approach 260
4-2-2 Design Example for a 350MHz Fixed-Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 269
4-2-3 Validation Circuits 282
4-2-4 Series Feedback Oscillator 314
4-2-5 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push-Pull Oscillator 319
4-2-6 Oscillators for IC Applications 336
4-2-7 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 337
4-2-8 Summary 339
4-3 Use of Tuning Diodes 339
4-3-1 Diode Tuned Resonant Circuits 340
4-3-2 Practical Circuits 344
4-4 Use of Diode Switches 345
4-4-1 Diode Switches for Electronic Band Selection 346
4-4-2 Use of Diodes for Frequency Multiplication 347
4-5 Reference Frequency Standards 351
4-5-1 Specifying Oscillators 351
4-5-2 Typical Examples of Crystal Oscillator Specifications 352
4-6 Mixer Applications 354
4-7 Phase/Frequency Comparators 357
4-7-1 Diode Rings 357
4-7-2 Exclusive ORs 358
4-7-3 Sample/Hold Detectors 362
4-7-4 Edge-Triggered JK Master/Slave Flip-Flops 368
4-7-5 Digital Tri-State Comparators 369
4-8 Wideband High-Gain Amplifiers 378
4-8-1 Summation Amplifiers 378
4-8-2 Differential Limiters 382
4-8-3 Isolation Amplifiers 382
4-8-4 Example Implementations 387
4-9 Programmable Dividers 393
4-9-1 Asynchronous Counters 393
4-9-2 Programmable Synchronous Up-/Down-Counters 394
4-9-3 Advanced Implementation Example 405
4-9-4 Swallow Counters/Dual-Modulus Counters 407
4-9-5 Look-Ahead and Delay Compensation 411
4-10 Loop Filters 421
4-10-1 Passive RC Filters 421
4-10-2 Active RC Filters 422
4-10-3 Active Second-Order Low-Pass Filters 423
4-10-4 Passive LC Filters 426
4-10-5 Spur-Suppression Techniques 427
4-11 Microwave Oscillator Design 430
4-11-1 The Compressed Smith Chart 432
4-11-2 Series or Parallel Resonance 434
4-11-3 Two-Port Oscillator Design 435
4-12 Microwave Resonators 444
4-12-1 SAW Oscillators 445
4-12-2 Dielectric Resonators 445
4-12-3 YIG Oscillators 448
4-12-4 Varactor Resonators 452
4-12-5 Ceramic Resonators 455
References 461
Suggested Readings 464
5 Digital PLL Synthesizers 471
5-1 Multiloop Synthesizers Using Different Techniques 471
5-1-1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 471
5-1-2 Multiple Loops 473
5-2 System Analysis 477
5-3 Low-Noise Microwave Synthesizers 484
5-3-1 Building Blocks 485
5-3-2 Output Loop Response 489
5-3-3 Low Phase Noise References: Frequency Standards 490
5-3-4 Critical Stage 493
5-3-5 Time Domain Analysis 503
5-3-6 Summary 508
5-3-7 Two Commercial Synthesizer Examples 512
5-4 Microprocessor Applications in Synthesizers 518
5-5 Transceiver Applications 523
5-6 About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms 526
5-6-1 Representation of a Modulated RF Carrier 527
5-6-2 Generation of the Modulated Carrier 529
5-6-3 Putting It all Together 533
5-6-4 Combination of Techniques 535
Acknowledgments 537
References 540
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 540
6 A High-Performance Hybrid Synthesizer 543
6-1 Introduction 543
6-2 Basic Synthesizer Approach 544
6-3 Loop Filter Design 548
6-4 Summary 556
Bibliography 557
A Mathematical Review 559
A-1 Functions of a Complex Variable 559
A-2 Complex Planes 561
A-2-1 Functions in the Complex Frequency Plane 565
A-3 Bode Diagram 568
A-4 Laplace Transform 582
A-4-1 The Step Function 583
A-4-2 The Ramp 584
A-4-3 Linearity Theorem 584
A-4-4 Differentiation and Integration 585
A-4-5 Initial Value Theorem 585
A-4-6 Final Value Theorem 585
A-4-7 The Active Integrator 585
A-4-8 Locking Behavior of the PLL 587
A-5 Low-Noise Oscillator Design 590
A-5-1 Example Implementation 590
A-6 Oscillator Amplitude Stabilization 594
A-7 Very Low Phase Noise VCO for 800 MHZ 602
References 605
B A General-Purpose Nonlinear Approach to the Computation of Sideband Phase Noise in Free-Running Microwave and RF Oscillators 607
B-1 Introduction 607
B-2 Noise Generation in Oscillators 608
B-3 Bias-Dependent Noise Model 609
B-3-1 Bias-Dependent Model 617
B-3-2 Derivation of the Model 617
B-4 General Concept of Noisy Circuits 619
B-4-1 Noise from Linear Elements 620
B-5 Noise Figure of Mixer Circuits 622
B-6 Oscillator Noise Analysis 624
B-7 Limitations of the Frequency-Conversion Approach 625
B-7-1 Assumptions 626
B-7-2 Conversion and Modulation Noise 626
B-7-3 Properties of Modulation Noise 626
B-7-4 Noise Analysis of Autonomous Circuits 627
B-7-5 Conversion Noise Analysis Results 627
B-7-6 Modulation Noise Analysis Results 627
B-8 Summary of the Phase Noise Spectrum of the Oscillator 628
B-9 Verification Examples for the Calculation of Phase Noise in Oscillators Using Nonlinear Techniques 628
B-9-1 Example 1: High-Q Case Microstrip DRO 628
B-9-2 Example 2: 10 MHz Crystal Oscillator 629
B-9-3 Example 3: The 1-GHz Ceramic Resonator VCO 630
B-9-4 Example 4: Low Phase Noise FET Oscillator 632
B-9-5 Example 5: Millimeter-Wave Applications 636
B-9-6 Example 6: Discriminator Stabilized DRO 639
B-10 Summary 641
References 643
C Example of Wireless Synthesizers Using Commercial ICs 645
D MMIC-Based Synthesizers 665
D-1 Introduction 665
Bibliography 668
E Articles on Design of Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 671
E-1 The Design of an Ultra-Low Phase Noise DRO 671
E-1-1 Basic Considerations and Component Selection 671
E-1-2 Component Selection 672
E-1-3 DRO Topologies 675
E-1-4 Small Signal Design Approach for the Parallel Feedback Type DRO 677
E-1-5 Simulated Versus Measured Results 683
E-1-6 Physical Embodiment 685
E-1-7 Acknowledgments 685
E-1-8 Final Remarks 688
References 692
Bibliography 692
E-2 A Novel Oscillator Design with Metamaterial-MoeBius Coupling to a Dielectric Resonator 692
E-2-1 Abstract 692
E-2-2 Introduction 693
References 699
F Opto-Electronically Stabilized RF Oscillators 701
F-1 Introduction 701
F-1-1 Oscillator Basics 701
F-1-2 Resonator Technologies 701
F-1-3 Motivation for OEO 704
F-1-4 Operation Principle of the OEO 704
F-2 Experimental Evaluation and Thermal Stability of OEO 705
F-2-1 Experimental Setup 705
F-2-2 Phase Noise Measurements 708
F-2-3 Thermal Sensitivity Analysis of Standard Fibers 709
F-2-4 Temperature Sensitivity Measurements 710
F-2-5 Temperature Sensitivity Improvement with HC-PCF 712
F-2-6 Improve Thermal Stability Versus Phase Noise Degradation 712
F-2-7 Passive Temperature Compensation 713
F-2-8 Improving Effective Q with Raman Amplification 714
F-3 Forced Oscillation Techniques of OEO 718
F-3-1 Analysis of Standard Injection-Locked (IL) Oscillators 718
F-3-2 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 720
F-3-3 Experimental Verification of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 721
F-3-4 Analysis of Standard Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Oscillators 723
F-3-5 Analysis of Self Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 725
F-3-6 Experimental Verification of Self-Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 726
F-3-7 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked Phase Locked Loop (SILPLL) Oscillators 728
F-4 SILPLL Based X- and K-Band Frequency Synthesizers 731
F-4-1 X-Band Frequency Synthesizer 732
F-4-2 19''Rack-Mountable K-Band Frequency Synthesizer 737
F-5 Integrated OEO Realization Using Si-Photonics 742
F-6 Compact OEO Using InP Multi-Mode Semiconductor Laser 744
F-6-1 Structure of Multi-mode InP Laser 744
F-6-2 Multi-mode Laser and Inter-Modal RF Oscillation 745
F-6-3 Self-Forced Frequency Stabilizations 747
F-7 Discussions 752
Acknowledgments 753
References 754
G Phase Noise Analysis, then and Today 761
G-1 Introduction 761
G-2 Large-Signal Noise Analysis 762
References 769
H A Novel Approach to Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurements on PLL Circuits 771
H-1 Introduction 771
H-2 Settling Time Measurement Overview 771
H-2-1 Theoretical Background of Frequency Settling Time 771
H-2-2 Frequency Settling Measurement in the Past 772
H-3 R&S FSWP Phase Noise Analyzer 774
H-3-1 Phase Noise Analyzer Architecture 774
H-3-2 Typical Test Setup for Settling Time Measurements 776
H-4 Frequency Hopping and Settling Time Measurements in Practice 776
H-4-1 Trigger on Wideband Frequency Hopping Signals 776
H-4-2 Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurement 777
H-5 Conclusion 780
Index 783
Preface xvi
Important Notations xx
1 Loop Fundamentals 1
1-1 Introduction to Linear Loops 1
1-2 Characteristics of a Loop 3
1-3 Digital Loops 7
1-4 Type 1 First-Order Loop 10
1-5 Type 1 Second-Order Loop 12
1-6 Type 2 Second-Order Loop 20
1-6-1 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-state Phase Detectors 22
1-7 Type 2 Third-Order Loop 27
1-7-1 Transfer Function of Type 2 Third-Order Loop 28
1-7-2 FM Noise Suppression 35
1-8 Higher-Order Loops 36
1-8-1 Fifth-Order Loop Transient Response 36
1-9 Digital Loops with Mixers 40
1-10 Acquisition 44
Example 1 48
1-10-1 Pull-in Performance of the Digital Loop 49
1-10-2 Coarse Steering of the VCO as an Acquisition Aid 52
1-10-3 Loop Stability 54
References 62
Suggested Reading 62
2 Almost all About Phase Noise 65
2-1 Introduction to Phase Noise 65
2-1-1 The Clock Signal 65
2-1-2 The Power Spectral Density (PSD) 68
2-1-3 Basics of Noise 71
2-1-4 Phase and Frequency Noise 78
2-2 The Allan Variance and Other Two-Sample Variances 88
2-2-1 Frequency Counters 89
2-2-2 The Two-Sample Variances AVAR, MVAR, and PVAR 94
2-2-3 Conversion from Spectra to Two-Sample Variances 96
2-3 Phase Noise in Components 100
2-3-1 Amplifiers 100
2-3-2 Frequency Dividers 104
2-3-3 Frequency Multipliers 112
2-3-4 Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 117
2-3-5 Phase Detectors 128
2-3-6 Noise Contribution from Power Supplies 132
2-4 Phase Noise in Oscillators 133
2-4-1 Modern View of the Leeson Model 134
2-4-2 Circumventing the Resonator's Thermal Noise 144
2-4-3 Oscillator Hacking 146
2-5 The Measurement of Phase Noise 153
2-5-1 Double-Balanced Mixer Instruments 154
2-5-2 The Cross-Spectrum Method 166
2-5-3 Digital Instruments 171
2-5-4 Pitfalls and Limitations of the Cross-Spectrum Measurements 180
2-5-5 The Bridge (Interferometric) Method 187
2-5-6 Artifacts and Oddities Often Found in the Real World 190
References 193
Suggested Readings 197
3 Special Loops 201
3-1 Introduction 201
3-2 Direct Digital Synthesis Techniques 201
3-2-1 A First Look at Fractional N 202
3-2-2 Digital Waveform Synthesizers 203
3-2-3 Signal Quality 220
3-2-4 Future Prospects 235
3-3 Loops with Delay Line as Phase Comparators 236
3-4 Fractional Division N Synthesizers 237
3-4-1 Example Implementation 240
3-4-2 Some Special Past Patents for Fractional Division N Synthesizers 253
References 255
Bibliography 256
Fractional Division N Readings 256
4 Loop Components 259
4-1 Introduction to Oscillators and Their Mathematical Treatment 259
4-2 The Colpitts Oscillator 259
4-2-1 Linear Approach 260
4-2-2 Design Example for a 350MHz Fixed-Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 269
4-2-3 Validation Circuits 282
4-2-4 Series Feedback Oscillator 314
4-2-5 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push-Pull Oscillator 319
4-2-6 Oscillators for IC Applications 336
4-2-7 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 337
4-2-8 Summary 339
4-3 Use of Tuning Diodes 339
4-3-1 Diode Tuned Resonant Circuits 340
4-3-2 Practical Circuits 344
4-4 Use of Diode Switches 345
4-4-1 Diode Switches for Electronic Band Selection 346
4-4-2 Use of Diodes for Frequency Multiplication 347
4-5 Reference Frequency Standards 351
4-5-1 Specifying Oscillators 351
4-5-2 Typical Examples of Crystal Oscillator Specifications 352
4-6 Mixer Applications 354
4-7 Phase/Frequency Comparators 357
4-7-1 Diode Rings 357
4-7-2 Exclusive ORs 358
4-7-3 Sample/Hold Detectors 362
4-7-4 Edge-Triggered JK Master/Slave Flip-Flops 368
4-7-5 Digital Tri-State Comparators 369
4-8 Wideband High-Gain Amplifiers 378
4-8-1 Summation Amplifiers 378
4-8-2 Differential Limiters 382
4-8-3 Isolation Amplifiers 382
4-8-4 Example Implementations 387
4-9 Programmable Dividers 393
4-9-1 Asynchronous Counters 393
4-9-2 Programmable Synchronous Up-/Down-Counters 394
4-9-3 Advanced Implementation Example 405
4-9-4 Swallow Counters/Dual-Modulus Counters 407
4-9-5 Look-Ahead and Delay Compensation 411
4-10 Loop Filters 421
4-10-1 Passive RC Filters 421
4-10-2 Active RC Filters 422
4-10-3 Active Second-Order Low-Pass Filters 423
4-10-4 Passive LC Filters 426
4-10-5 Spur-Suppression Techniques 427
4-11 Microwave Oscillator Design 430
4-11-1 The Compressed Smith Chart 432
4-11-2 Series or Parallel Resonance 434
4-11-3 Two-Port Oscillator Design 435
4-12 Microwave Resonators 444
4-12-1 SAW Oscillators 445
4-12-2 Dielectric Resonators 445
4-12-3 YIG Oscillators 448
4-12-4 Varactor Resonators 452
4-12-5 Ceramic Resonators 455
References 461
Suggested Readings 464
5 Digital PLL Synthesizers 471
5-1 Multiloop Synthesizers Using Different Techniques 471
5-1-1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 471
5-1-2 Multiple Loops 473
5-2 System Analysis 477
5-3 Low-Noise Microwave Synthesizers 484
5-3-1 Building Blocks 485
5-3-2 Output Loop Response 489
5-3-3 Low Phase Noise References: Frequency Standards 490
5-3-4 Critical Stage 493
5-3-5 Time Domain Analysis 503
5-3-6 Summary 508
5-3-7 Two Commercial Synthesizer Examples 512
5-4 Microprocessor Applications in Synthesizers 518
5-5 Transceiver Applications 523
5-6 About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms 526
5-6-1 Representation of a Modulated RF Carrier 527
5-6-2 Generation of the Modulated Carrier 529
5-6-3 Putting It all Together 533
5-6-4 Combination of Techniques 535
Acknowledgments 537
References 540
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 540
6 A High-Performance Hybrid Synthesizer 543
6-1 Introduction 543
6-2 Basic Synthesizer Approach 544
6-3 Loop Filter Design 548
6-4 Summary 556
Bibliography 557
A Mathematical Review 559
A-1 Functions of a Complex Variable 559
A-2 Complex Planes 561
A-2-1 Functions in the Complex Frequency Plane 565
A-3 Bode Diagram 568
A-4 Laplace Transform 582
A-4-1 The Step Function 583
A-4-2 The Ramp 584
A-4-3 Linearity Theorem 584
A-4-4 Differentiation and Integration 585
A-4-5 Initial Value Theorem 585
A-4-6 Final Value Theorem 585
A-4-7 The Active Integrator 585
A-4-8 Locking Behavior of the PLL 587
A-5 Low-Noise Oscillator Design 590
A-5-1 Example Implementation 590
A-6 Oscillator Amplitude Stabilization 594
A-7 Very Low Phase Noise VCO for 800 MHZ 602
References 605
B A General-Purpose Nonlinear Approach to the Computation of Sideband Phase Noise in Free-Running Microwave and RF Oscillators 607
B-1 Introduction 607
B-2 Noise Generation in Oscillators 608
B-3 Bias-Dependent Noise Model 609
B-3-1 Bias-Dependent Model 617
B-3-2 Derivation of the Model 617
B-4 General Concept of Noisy Circuits 619
B-4-1 Noise from Linear Elements 620
B-5 Noise Figure of Mixer Circuits 622
B-6 Oscillator Noise Analysis 624
B-7 Limitations of the Frequency-Conversion Approach 625
B-7-1 Assumptions 626
B-7-2 Conversion and Modulation Noise 626
B-7-3 Properties of Modulation Noise 626
B-7-4 Noise Analysis of Autonomous Circuits 627
B-7-5 Conversion Noise Analysis Results 627
B-7-6 Modulation Noise Analysis Results 627
B-8 Summary of the Phase Noise Spectrum of the Oscillator 628
B-9 Verification Examples for the Calculation of Phase Noise in Oscillators Using Nonlinear Techniques 628
B-9-1 Example 1: High-Q Case Microstrip DRO 628
B-9-2 Example 2: 10 MHz Crystal Oscillator 629
B-9-3 Example 3: The 1-GHz Ceramic Resonator VCO 630
B-9-4 Example 4: Low Phase Noise FET Oscillator 632
B-9-5 Example 5: Millimeter-Wave Applications 636
B-9-6 Example 6: Discriminator Stabilized DRO 639
B-10 Summary 641
References 643
C Example of Wireless Synthesizers Using Commercial ICs 645
D MMIC-Based Synthesizers 665
D-1 Introduction 665
Bibliography 668
E Articles on Design of Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 671
E-1 The Design of an Ultra-Low Phase Noise DRO 671
E-1-1 Basic Considerations and Component Selection 671
E-1-2 Component Selection 672
E-1-3 DRO Topologies 675
E-1-4 Small Signal Design Approach for the Parallel Feedback Type DRO 677
E-1-5 Simulated Versus Measured Results 683
E-1-6 Physical Embodiment 685
E-1-7 Acknowledgments 685
E-1-8 Final Remarks 688
References 692
Bibliography 692
E-2 A Novel Oscillator Design with Metamaterial-MoeBius Coupling to a Dielectric Resonator 692
E-2-1 Abstract 692
E-2-2 Introduction 693
References 699
F Opto-Electronically Stabilized RF Oscillators 701
F-1 Introduction 701
F-1-1 Oscillator Basics 701
F-1-2 Resonator Technologies 701
F-1-3 Motivation for OEO 704
F-1-4 Operation Principle of the OEO 704
F-2 Experimental Evaluation and Thermal Stability of OEO 705
F-2-1 Experimental Setup 705
F-2-2 Phase Noise Measurements 708
F-2-3 Thermal Sensitivity Analysis of Standard Fibers 709
F-2-4 Temperature Sensitivity Measurements 710
F-2-5 Temperature Sensitivity Improvement with HC-PCF 712
F-2-6 Improve Thermal Stability Versus Phase Noise Degradation 712
F-2-7 Passive Temperature Compensation 713
F-2-8 Improving Effective Q with Raman Amplification 714
F-3 Forced Oscillation Techniques of OEO 718
F-3-1 Analysis of Standard Injection-Locked (IL) Oscillators 718
F-3-2 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 720
F-3-3 Experimental Verification of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 721
F-3-4 Analysis of Standard Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Oscillators 723
F-3-5 Analysis of Self Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 725
F-3-6 Experimental Verification of Self-Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 726
F-3-7 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked Phase Locked Loop (SILPLL) Oscillators 728
F-4 SILPLL Based X- and K-Band Frequency Synthesizers 731
F-4-1 X-Band Frequency Synthesizer 732
F-4-2 19''Rack-Mountable K-Band Frequency Synthesizer 737
F-5 Integrated OEO Realization Using Si-Photonics 742
F-6 Compact OEO Using InP Multi-Mode Semiconductor Laser 744
F-6-1 Structure of Multi-mode InP Laser 744
F-6-2 Multi-mode Laser and Inter-Modal RF Oscillation 745
F-6-3 Self-Forced Frequency Stabilizations 747
F-7 Discussions 752
Acknowledgments 753
References 754
G Phase Noise Analysis, then and Today 761
G-1 Introduction 761
G-2 Large-Signal Noise Analysis 762
References 769
H A Novel Approach to Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurements on PLL Circuits 771
H-1 Introduction 771
H-2 Settling Time Measurement Overview 771
H-2-1 Theoretical Background of Frequency Settling Time 771
H-2-2 Frequency Settling Measurement in the Past 772
H-3 R&S FSWP Phase Noise Analyzer 774
H-3-1 Phase Noise Analyzer Architecture 774
H-3-2 Typical Test Setup for Settling Time Measurements 776
H-4 Frequency Hopping and Settling Time Measurements in Practice 776
H-4-1 Trigger on Wideband Frequency Hopping Signals 776
H-4-2 Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurement 777
H-5 Conclusion 780
Index 783
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Phase Locked Loop (PLL); Phase Noise; Frequency Stability; Oscillators; Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS); Fractional-N Dividers; Waveform synthesis; microwave frequency synthesizers; wireless frequency synthesizers; microwave synthesizer design; microwave synthesizer theory; wireless synthesizer design; wireless synthesizer design theory; synthesizers electrical engineering; loop synthesizers
