Bioprospecting of Plant Biodiversity for Industrial Molecules
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portes grátis
Bioprospecting of Plant Biodiversity for Industrial Molecules
Upadhyay, Santosh Kumar; Singh, Sudhir Pratap
John Wiley & Sons Inc
07/2021
464
Dura
Inglês
9781119717218
15 a 20 dias
1026
Descrição não disponível.
List of Contributors xv
Preface xxi
About the Editors xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
1 An Introduction to Plant Biodiversity and Bioprospecting 1
Ramya Krishnan, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is Bioprospecting 1
1.2.1 Chemical Prospecting 3
1.2.2 Gene Prospecting 3
1.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 4
1.3 Significance of Plants in Bioprospecting 4
1.4 Pros and Cons of Bioprospecting 5
1.5 Recent Trends in Bioprospecting 6
1.6 Omics for Bioprospecting and in silico Bioprospecting 7
1.7 An Insight into the Book 8
References 10
2 Entomotoxic Proteins from Plant Biodiversity to Control the Crop Insect Pests 15
Surjeet Kumar Arya, Shatrughan Shiva, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Lectins 16
2.3 Proteinase Inhibitors 21
2.4 ?-Amylase Inhibitors 24
2.5 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) 27
2.6 Arcelins 30
2.7 Defensins 32
2.8 Cyclotides 32
2.9 Canatoxin-Like Proteins 33
2.10 Ureases and Urease-Derived Encrypted Peptides 33
2.11 Chitinases 36
2.12 Proteases 36
2.13 Conclusions 37
References 37
3 Bioprospecting of Natural Compounds for Industrial and Medical Applications: Current Scenario and Bottleneck 53
Sameer Dixit, Akanchha Shukla, Vinayak Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Why Bioprospecting Is Important 54
3.3 Major Sites for Bioprospecting 54
3.4 Pipeline of Bioprospecting 55
3.5 Biopiracy: An Unethical Bioprospecting 55
3.6 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Agriculture Industry 56
3.7 Bioprospecting Derived Products for Bioremediation 57
3.8 Bioprospecting for Nanoparticles Development 59
3.9 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Pharmaceutical Industry 60
3.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
4 Role of Plants in Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste 73
Pankaj Srivastava and Nishita Giri
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Different Toxic Materials from Industries 75
4.2.1 Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants 75
4.2.2 Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Environment 75
4.2.2.1 Cadmium 75
4.2.2.2 Arsenic 76
4.2.2.3 Chromium 76
4.2.2.4 Pesticide in Environment 76
4.2.3 Phytoremediation Technology in Present Scenario 77
4.2.4 Conclusion 80
References 81
5 Ecological Restoration and Plant Biodiversity 91
Shalini Tiwari and Puneet Singh Chauhan
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Major Areas of Bioprospecting 92
5.2.1 Chemical/Biochemical Prospecting 92
5.2.2 Gene/Genetic Prospecting 92
5.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 93
5.3 Bioprospecting: Creating a Value for Biodiversity 93
5.4 Conservation and Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Utilization of Resources 94
5.5 Biodiversity Development Agreements 95
5.6 Conclusions 96
References 96
6 Endophyte Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries 99
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo and Fabrice Fekam Boyom
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 The Rationale for Bioprospecting Endophytes for Novel Industrial Enzymes 100
6.3 Endophytes as a Source of Industrial Enzymes 101
6.3.1 Amylases 104
6.3.2 Asparaginase 105
6.3.3 Cellulases 107
6.3.4 Chitinases 109
6.3.5 Laccases 110
6.3.6 Lipases 111
6.3.7 Proteases 113
6.3.8 Xylanases 115
6.3.9 Other Enzymes Produced by Endophytes 116
6.3.9.1 AHL-Lactonase 116
6.3.9.2 Agarase 116
6.3.9.3 Chromate Reductase 116
6.3.9.4 ?-Mannanase 117
6.4 Overview of the Methods Used to Investigate Endophytes as Sources of Enzymes 117
6.5 Strategies Applied to Improve the Production of Enzymes by Endophytes 118
6.6 Conclusion 119
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
7 Resource Recovery from the Abundant Agri-biomass 131
Shilpi Bansal, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, and Sudhir P. Singh
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Potential of Agri-biomass to Produce Different Products 133
7.2.1 Conversion of Agri-biomass into Valuable Chemicals 133
7.2.2 Energy Production Using Agri-biomass 134
7.2.3 Role of Agri-biomass in Heavy Metal Decontamination 135
7.2.4 Manufacturing of Lightweight Materials 137
7.3 Case Studies 138
7.3.1 Utilization of Paddy Waste 138
7.3.2 Utilization of Mustard Waste 140
7.3.3 Utilization of Maize Waste 140
7.3.4 Utilization of Horticulture Waste 142
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 144
References 144
8 Antimicrobial Products from Plant Biodiversity 153
Pankaj Kumar Verma, Shikha Verma, Nalini Pandey, and Debasis Chakrabarty
8.1 Introduction 153
8.2 Use of Plant Products as Antimicrobials: Historical Perspective 154
8.3 Major Groups of Plants-Derived Antimicrobial Compound 156
8.3.1 Simple Phenols and Phenolic Acids 156
8.3.1.1 Flavonoids 156
8.3.1.2 Quinones 160
8.3.1.3 Tannins 160
8.3.1.4 Coumarins 161
8.3.2 Terpenes and Essential Oils 162
8.3.3 Alkaloids 163
8.4 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activity 163
8.4.1 Plant Extracts with Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.2 Plant Extracts with Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.3 Plant Extracts with Biofilm Inhibitory Activity 165
8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 165
References 166
9 Functional Plants as Natural Sources of Dietary Antioxidants 175
Ao Shang, Jia-Hui Li, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Min Luo, and Hua-Bin Li
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity 176
9.3 Antioxidant Activity of Functional Plants 176
9.3.1 Vegetables 176
9.3.2 Fruits 177
9.3.3 Medicinal Plants 181
9.3.4 Cereal Grains 181
9.3.5 Flowers 181
9.3.6 Microalgae 181
9.3.7 Teas 182
9.4 Applications of Plant Antioxidants 182
9.4.1 Food Additives 182
9.4.2 Dietary Supplements 183
9.5 Conclusions 183
References 184
10 Biodiversity and Importance of Plant Bioprospecting in Cosmetics 189
K. Sri Manjari, Debarati Chakraborty, Aakanksha Kumar, and Sakshi Singh
10.1 Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, and Cosmetics - A Harmony of Triad 189
10.2 The Fury of Synthetic Chemicals in Cosmetics on Health 191
10.3 India's Biodiversity and Its Traditional Knowledge/Medicine in Cosmetics 191
10.3.1 Herbal Cosmetics 194
10.4 Use of Plant-Based Products in the Cosmetic Industry 194
10.5 Green Cosmetics - Significance and Current Status of the Global Market 196
10.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (Economic, Ecological Benefits) in Cosmetic Industry - How Bioprospecting and Green Cosmetics Can Help? 199
10.6 Ethical and Legal Implications of Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 200
10.6.1 International Laws Regulating Bioprospecting 201
10.6.2 Indian Law Regulating Bioprospecting 202
10.6.3 Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) 202
10.6.4 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 203
10.6.5 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC) 203
10.7 Laws Regulating Cosmetics 203
10.8 Role of Biotechnology in Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 204
References 205
11 Therapeutic Lead Secondary Metabolites Production Using Plant In Vitro Cultures 211
Vikas Srivastava, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, Skalzang Lhamo, Sonal Mishra, and Shakti Mehrotra
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Secondary Metabolites and Pharmaceutical Significance 212
11.3 Plant In Vitro Cultures and Strategies for Secondary Metabolite Production 214
11.3.1 Precursor Feeding 214
11.3.2 Metabolic Engineering 215
11.3.3 Elicitation 216
11.3.4 Bioreactor Up-scaling 216
11.4 Exemplification of the Utilization of Different Types of Plant In Vitro Cultures for SMs Production 217
11.4.1 Shoot Culture 217
11.4.2 Adventitious Root Culture 220
11.4.3 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture 220
11.4.4 Hairy Root Cultures 221
11.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
12 Plant Diversity and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Spices and Condiments 231
Thakku R. Ramkumar and Subbiah Karuppusamy
12.1 Introduction 231
12.2 Habitat and Diversity of Major Spices and Condiments in India 232
12.3 Ethnobotanical Context of Spices and Condiments in India 241
12.4 Major Spices and Condiments in India 243
12.4.1 Black Pepper 243
12.4.2 Capsicums 243
12.4.3 Cinnamomum 244
12.4.4 Coriander 244
12.4.5 Cumin 244
12.4.6 Cardamom 245
12.4.7 Fennel 245
12.4.8 Ginger 245
12.4.9 Mustard Seed 246
12.4.10 Nutmeg 246
12.4.11 Saffron 246
12.4.12 Turmeric 246
12.4.13 Vanilla 247
12.5 Importance of Indian Spices 247
12.6 Spice Plantation and Cultivation in India 249
12.7 Cultivation Technology of Caper Bud in India 250
12.8 Export of Indian Spices 251
12.9 Conservation Efforts Against Selected Uncultivated Wild Spices and Condiments 254
12.10 Institutions and Organization Dedicated for Research and Development in Spices and Condiments in India 254
12.11 Recent Researches on Spices and Condiments 255
12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 256
Acknowledgments 256
Authors' Contribution 256
References 257
13 Plants as Source of Essential Oils and Perfumery Applications 261
Monica Butnariu
13.1 Background 261
13.2 Biochemistry of Essential Oils 262
13.2.1 The Physiological Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Essential Oils 262
13.2.2 The Role of Terpenes in Plants 263
13.2.3 The Prevalence Essential Oils in Plants 264
13.2.4 Paths of Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds in Plants 265
13.2.4.1 Metabolic Cycles Involved in the Biosynthesis of Different Groups of Secondary Metabolites 265
13.2.4.2 Metabolic Cycles of Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds 266
13.3 The Metabolism Terpenes 269
13.3.1 Metabolic Cycle of Mevalonic Acid Biosynthesis 271
13.3.2 Metabolic Cycle of Methylerythritol Phosphate Biosynthesis 272
13.4 The Role of Essential Oils and the Specificity of Their Accumulation in Plants 272
13.5 Essential Oils from Plants in Perfume 281
13.5.1 Linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), C10H18O 286
13.5.2 Camphor (1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one), C10H16O 286
13.5.3 Cedrol (1S, 2R, 5S, 7R, 8R)-(2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo [5.3.1.01,5] undecan-8-ol or cedran-8-ol), C15H26O 286
13.5.4 Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-allylphenol; 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), C10H12O2 287
13.5.5 Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al), C10H16O 287
13.5.6 Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) C8H8O3 287
13.5.7 Syringe Aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde) C9H10O4 288
13.6 Conclusions and Remarks 289
References 290
14 Bioprospection of Plants for Essential Mineral Micronutrients 293
Nikita Bisht and Puneet Singh Chauhan
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Plants as a Source of Mineral Micronutrients 293
14.3 Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plants 294
14.3.1 Bioavailability of Fe and Zn 294
14.3.2 Impact of Food Processing on Micronutrient Bioavailability from Plant Foods 295
14.4 Manipulating Plant Micronutrients 296
14.4.1 Improving Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods 296
14.4.2 Metabolic Engineering of Micronutrients in Crop Plants 297
14.5 Microbes in the Biofortification of Micronutrients in Crops 298
14.6 Conclusions 299
References 299
15 Algal Biomass: A Natural Resource of High-Value Biomolecules 303
Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Ananya Singh, Variyata Agrawal, and Neelam Yadav
15.1 Introduction 303
15.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 304
15.3 Algae in High-Value Biomolecules Production 306
15.3.1 Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids 310
15.3.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 311
15.3.3 Polysaccharides 312
15.3.4 Pigments 313
15.3.4.1 Chlorophylls 313
15.3.4.2 Carotenoids 314
15.3.4.3 Phycobilliproteins (PBPs) 315
15.3.5 Vitamins 316
15.3.6 Polyphenols 316
15.3.7 Phytosterols 317
15.3.8 Phytohormones 318
15.3.9 Minerals 318
15.4 Algae in Biofuel Production/Generation 319
15.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion 319
15.4.2 Chemical Conversion by Transesterification 321
15.4.3 Biochemical Conversion 322
15.4.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 324
15.5 Algae in Additional Applications 325
15.5.1 Algae as Livestock Feed and Nutrition 325
15.5.2 Algae as Feed in Aquaculture 326
15.5.3 Algae as Bio-Fertilizer 326
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 326
References 327
16 Plant Bioprospecting for Biopesticides and Bioinsecticides 335
Aradhana Lucky Hans and Sangeeta Saxena
16.1 Introduction 335
16.2 Current Scenario in India 336
16.3 Plants-Based Active Compounds 337
16.3.1 Azadirachtin 337
16.3.2 Pyrethrins 338
16.3.3 Rotenone 338
16.3.4 Sabadilla 339
16.3.5 Ryania 339
16.3.6 Nicotine 339
16.3.7 Acetogenins 339
16.3.8 Capsaicinoids 339
16.3.9 Essential Oils 340
16.4 Advantages and Future Prospects of Bioinsecticides 340
16.5 Conclusions 342
Acknowledgment 343
References 343
17 Plant Biomass to Bioenergy 345
Mrinalini Srivastava and Debasis Chakrabarty
17.1 Introduction 345
17.2 Plant Biomass 346
17.2.1 Types of Biomass (Source: [17]) 347
17.3 Bioenergy 347
17.4 Biomass Conversion into Bioenergy 348
17.4.1 Cogeneration 349
17.5 The Concept of Biomass Energy (Source: [27]) 349
17.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion 349
17.5.1.1 Direct Combustion 349
17.5.1.2 Pyrolysis 349
17.5.1.3 Gasification 349
17.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 350
17.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 350
17.5.2.2 Alcohol Fermentation 350
17.5.2.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 350
17.6 Use of Biofuel in Transportation 350
17.7 Production of Biogas and Biomethane from Biomass 350
17.8 Generation of Biofuel 351
17.8.1 Bioethanol 351
17.8.2 Biodiesel 352
17.9 Advanced Technologies in the Area of Bioenergy 352
17.10 Conclusion 353
Acknowledgment 354
References 354
18 Bioenergy Crops as an Alternate Energy Resource 357
Garima Pathak and Shivanand Suresh Dudhagi
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Classification of Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1 First-Generation Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1.1 Sugarcane 359
18.2.1.2 Corn 359
18.2.1.3 Sweet Sorghum 359
18.2.1.4 Oil Crops 360
18.2.2 Second-Generation Bioenergy Crops 360
18.2.2.1 Switchgrass 360
18.2.2.2 Miscanthus 361
18.2.2.3 Alfalfa 361
18.2.2.4 Reed Canary Grass 361
18.2.2.5 Other Plants 361
18.2.3 Third-Generation Bioenergy Crops 362
18.2.3.1 Boreal Plants 362
18.2.3.2 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Plants 362
18.2.3.3 Eucalyptus 362
18.2.3.4 Agave 362
18.2.3.5 Microalgae 363
18.2.4 Dedicated Bioenergy Crops 363
18.2.5 Halophytes 363
18.3 Characteristics of Bioenergy Crops 364
18.3.1 Physiological and Ecological Traits 364
18.3.2 Agronomic and Metabolic Traits 364
18.3.3 Biochemical Composition and Caloric Content 365
18.4 Genetic Improvement of Bioenergy Crops 365
18.5 Environmental Impacts of Bioenergy Crops 366
18.5.1 Soil Quality 366
18.5.2 Water and Minerals 367
18.5.3 Carbon Sequestration 367
18.5.4 Phytoremediation 367
18.5.5 Biodiversity 368
18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect 369
References 369
19 Marine Bioprospecting: Seaweeds for Industrial Molecules 377
Achintya Kumar Dolui
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Seaweeds as Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 378
19.3 Seaweeds in the Alleviation of Lifestyle Disorders 380
19.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seaweeds 381
19.5 Seaweed Is a Source of Anticoagulant Agent 381
19.6 Anticancer Property of Seaweed 382
19.7 Seaweeds as Antiviral Drugs and Mosquitocides 384
19.8 Use of Seaweeds in the Cosmeceutical Industry 385
19.9 Use of Seaweed as Contraceptive Agents 386
19.10 Extraction of Active Ingredients from Seaweed 388
19.10.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 388
19.10.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) 389
19.10.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 389
19.10.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) and EMEA 390
19.11 Market Potential of Seaweeds 390
19.12 Conclusion 391
References 391
20 Bioprospection of Orchids and Appraisal of Their Therapeutic Indications 401
Devina Ghai, Jagdeep Verma, Arshpreet Kaur, Kranti Thakur, Sandip V. Pawar, and Jaspreet K. Sembi
20.1 Introduction 401
20.2 Orchids as a Bioprospecting Resource 402
20.3 Orchids as Curatives in Traditional India 403
20.4 Therapeutics Indications of Orchids in Asian Region 403
20.5 Evidences of Medicinal Uses of Orchids in Ethnic African Groups 404
20.6 Orchids as a Source of Restoratives in Europe 405
20.7 Remedial Uses of Orchids in American and Australian Cultures 405
20.8 Scientific Appraisal of Therapeutic Indications of Orchids 406
20.8.1 Orchids as Potent Anticancer Agents 406
20.8.2 Immunomodulatory Activity in Orchids 412
20.8.3 Orchids and Their Antioxidant Potential 412
20.8.4 Antimicrobial Studies in Orchids 412
20.8.5 Orchids and Anti-inflammatory Activity 413
20.8.6 Antidiabetic Prospects in Orchids 413
20.8.7 Other Analeptic Properties in Orchids 414
20.9 Conclusions 414
Acknowledgments 415
References 415
Index 425
Preface xxi
About the Editors xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
1 An Introduction to Plant Biodiversity and Bioprospecting 1
Ramya Krishnan, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is Bioprospecting 1
1.2.1 Chemical Prospecting 3
1.2.2 Gene Prospecting 3
1.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 4
1.3 Significance of Plants in Bioprospecting 4
1.4 Pros and Cons of Bioprospecting 5
1.5 Recent Trends in Bioprospecting 6
1.6 Omics for Bioprospecting and in silico Bioprospecting 7
1.7 An Insight into the Book 8
References 10
2 Entomotoxic Proteins from Plant Biodiversity to Control the Crop Insect Pests 15
Surjeet Kumar Arya, Shatrughan Shiva, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Lectins 16
2.3 Proteinase Inhibitors 21
2.4 ?-Amylase Inhibitors 24
2.5 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) 27
2.6 Arcelins 30
2.7 Defensins 32
2.8 Cyclotides 32
2.9 Canatoxin-Like Proteins 33
2.10 Ureases and Urease-Derived Encrypted Peptides 33
2.11 Chitinases 36
2.12 Proteases 36
2.13 Conclusions 37
References 37
3 Bioprospecting of Natural Compounds for Industrial and Medical Applications: Current Scenario and Bottleneck 53
Sameer Dixit, Akanchha Shukla, Vinayak Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Why Bioprospecting Is Important 54
3.3 Major Sites for Bioprospecting 54
3.4 Pipeline of Bioprospecting 55
3.5 Biopiracy: An Unethical Bioprospecting 55
3.6 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Agriculture Industry 56
3.7 Bioprospecting Derived Products for Bioremediation 57
3.8 Bioprospecting for Nanoparticles Development 59
3.9 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Pharmaceutical Industry 60
3.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
4 Role of Plants in Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste 73
Pankaj Srivastava and Nishita Giri
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Different Toxic Materials from Industries 75
4.2.1 Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants 75
4.2.2 Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Environment 75
4.2.2.1 Cadmium 75
4.2.2.2 Arsenic 76
4.2.2.3 Chromium 76
4.2.2.4 Pesticide in Environment 76
4.2.3 Phytoremediation Technology in Present Scenario 77
4.2.4 Conclusion 80
References 81
5 Ecological Restoration and Plant Biodiversity 91
Shalini Tiwari and Puneet Singh Chauhan
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Major Areas of Bioprospecting 92
5.2.1 Chemical/Biochemical Prospecting 92
5.2.2 Gene/Genetic Prospecting 92
5.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 93
5.3 Bioprospecting: Creating a Value for Biodiversity 93
5.4 Conservation and Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Utilization of Resources 94
5.5 Biodiversity Development Agreements 95
5.6 Conclusions 96
References 96
6 Endophyte Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries 99
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo and Fabrice Fekam Boyom
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 The Rationale for Bioprospecting Endophytes for Novel Industrial Enzymes 100
6.3 Endophytes as a Source of Industrial Enzymes 101
6.3.1 Amylases 104
6.3.2 Asparaginase 105
6.3.3 Cellulases 107
6.3.4 Chitinases 109
6.3.5 Laccases 110
6.3.6 Lipases 111
6.3.7 Proteases 113
6.3.8 Xylanases 115
6.3.9 Other Enzymes Produced by Endophytes 116
6.3.9.1 AHL-Lactonase 116
6.3.9.2 Agarase 116
6.3.9.3 Chromate Reductase 116
6.3.9.4 ?-Mannanase 117
6.4 Overview of the Methods Used to Investigate Endophytes as Sources of Enzymes 117
6.5 Strategies Applied to Improve the Production of Enzymes by Endophytes 118
6.6 Conclusion 119
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
7 Resource Recovery from the Abundant Agri-biomass 131
Shilpi Bansal, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, and Sudhir P. Singh
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Potential of Agri-biomass to Produce Different Products 133
7.2.1 Conversion of Agri-biomass into Valuable Chemicals 133
7.2.2 Energy Production Using Agri-biomass 134
7.2.3 Role of Agri-biomass in Heavy Metal Decontamination 135
7.2.4 Manufacturing of Lightweight Materials 137
7.3 Case Studies 138
7.3.1 Utilization of Paddy Waste 138
7.3.2 Utilization of Mustard Waste 140
7.3.3 Utilization of Maize Waste 140
7.3.4 Utilization of Horticulture Waste 142
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 144
References 144
8 Antimicrobial Products from Plant Biodiversity 153
Pankaj Kumar Verma, Shikha Verma, Nalini Pandey, and Debasis Chakrabarty
8.1 Introduction 153
8.2 Use of Plant Products as Antimicrobials: Historical Perspective 154
8.3 Major Groups of Plants-Derived Antimicrobial Compound 156
8.3.1 Simple Phenols and Phenolic Acids 156
8.3.1.1 Flavonoids 156
8.3.1.2 Quinones 160
8.3.1.3 Tannins 160
8.3.1.4 Coumarins 161
8.3.2 Terpenes and Essential Oils 162
8.3.3 Alkaloids 163
8.4 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activity 163
8.4.1 Plant Extracts with Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.2 Plant Extracts with Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.3 Plant Extracts with Biofilm Inhibitory Activity 165
8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 165
References 166
9 Functional Plants as Natural Sources of Dietary Antioxidants 175
Ao Shang, Jia-Hui Li, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Min Luo, and Hua-Bin Li
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity 176
9.3 Antioxidant Activity of Functional Plants 176
9.3.1 Vegetables 176
9.3.2 Fruits 177
9.3.3 Medicinal Plants 181
9.3.4 Cereal Grains 181
9.3.5 Flowers 181
9.3.6 Microalgae 181
9.3.7 Teas 182
9.4 Applications of Plant Antioxidants 182
9.4.1 Food Additives 182
9.4.2 Dietary Supplements 183
9.5 Conclusions 183
References 184
10 Biodiversity and Importance of Plant Bioprospecting in Cosmetics 189
K. Sri Manjari, Debarati Chakraborty, Aakanksha Kumar, and Sakshi Singh
10.1 Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, and Cosmetics - A Harmony of Triad 189
10.2 The Fury of Synthetic Chemicals in Cosmetics on Health 191
10.3 India's Biodiversity and Its Traditional Knowledge/Medicine in Cosmetics 191
10.3.1 Herbal Cosmetics 194
10.4 Use of Plant-Based Products in the Cosmetic Industry 194
10.5 Green Cosmetics - Significance and Current Status of the Global Market 196
10.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (Economic, Ecological Benefits) in Cosmetic Industry - How Bioprospecting and Green Cosmetics Can Help? 199
10.6 Ethical and Legal Implications of Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 200
10.6.1 International Laws Regulating Bioprospecting 201
10.6.2 Indian Law Regulating Bioprospecting 202
10.6.3 Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) 202
10.6.4 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 203
10.6.5 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC) 203
10.7 Laws Regulating Cosmetics 203
10.8 Role of Biotechnology in Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 204
References 205
11 Therapeutic Lead Secondary Metabolites Production Using Plant In Vitro Cultures 211
Vikas Srivastava, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, Skalzang Lhamo, Sonal Mishra, and Shakti Mehrotra
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Secondary Metabolites and Pharmaceutical Significance 212
11.3 Plant In Vitro Cultures and Strategies for Secondary Metabolite Production 214
11.3.1 Precursor Feeding 214
11.3.2 Metabolic Engineering 215
11.3.3 Elicitation 216
11.3.4 Bioreactor Up-scaling 216
11.4 Exemplification of the Utilization of Different Types of Plant In Vitro Cultures for SMs Production 217
11.4.1 Shoot Culture 217
11.4.2 Adventitious Root Culture 220
11.4.3 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture 220
11.4.4 Hairy Root Cultures 221
11.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
12 Plant Diversity and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Spices and Condiments 231
Thakku R. Ramkumar and Subbiah Karuppusamy
12.1 Introduction 231
12.2 Habitat and Diversity of Major Spices and Condiments in India 232
12.3 Ethnobotanical Context of Spices and Condiments in India 241
12.4 Major Spices and Condiments in India 243
12.4.1 Black Pepper 243
12.4.2 Capsicums 243
12.4.3 Cinnamomum 244
12.4.4 Coriander 244
12.4.5 Cumin 244
12.4.6 Cardamom 245
12.4.7 Fennel 245
12.4.8 Ginger 245
12.4.9 Mustard Seed 246
12.4.10 Nutmeg 246
12.4.11 Saffron 246
12.4.12 Turmeric 246
12.4.13 Vanilla 247
12.5 Importance of Indian Spices 247
12.6 Spice Plantation and Cultivation in India 249
12.7 Cultivation Technology of Caper Bud in India 250
12.8 Export of Indian Spices 251
12.9 Conservation Efforts Against Selected Uncultivated Wild Spices and Condiments 254
12.10 Institutions and Organization Dedicated for Research and Development in Spices and Condiments in India 254
12.11 Recent Researches on Spices and Condiments 255
12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 256
Acknowledgments 256
Authors' Contribution 256
References 257
13 Plants as Source of Essential Oils and Perfumery Applications 261
Monica Butnariu
13.1 Background 261
13.2 Biochemistry of Essential Oils 262
13.2.1 The Physiological Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Essential Oils 262
13.2.2 The Role of Terpenes in Plants 263
13.2.3 The Prevalence Essential Oils in Plants 264
13.2.4 Paths of Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds in Plants 265
13.2.4.1 Metabolic Cycles Involved in the Biosynthesis of Different Groups of Secondary Metabolites 265
13.2.4.2 Metabolic Cycles of Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds 266
13.3 The Metabolism Terpenes 269
13.3.1 Metabolic Cycle of Mevalonic Acid Biosynthesis 271
13.3.2 Metabolic Cycle of Methylerythritol Phosphate Biosynthesis 272
13.4 The Role of Essential Oils and the Specificity of Their Accumulation in Plants 272
13.5 Essential Oils from Plants in Perfume 281
13.5.1 Linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), C10H18O 286
13.5.2 Camphor (1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one), C10H16O 286
13.5.3 Cedrol (1S, 2R, 5S, 7R, 8R)-(2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo [5.3.1.01,5] undecan-8-ol or cedran-8-ol), C15H26O 286
13.5.4 Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-allylphenol; 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), C10H12O2 287
13.5.5 Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al), C10H16O 287
13.5.6 Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) C8H8O3 287
13.5.7 Syringe Aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde) C9H10O4 288
13.6 Conclusions and Remarks 289
References 290
14 Bioprospection of Plants for Essential Mineral Micronutrients 293
Nikita Bisht and Puneet Singh Chauhan
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Plants as a Source of Mineral Micronutrients 293
14.3 Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plants 294
14.3.1 Bioavailability of Fe and Zn 294
14.3.2 Impact of Food Processing on Micronutrient Bioavailability from Plant Foods 295
14.4 Manipulating Plant Micronutrients 296
14.4.1 Improving Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods 296
14.4.2 Metabolic Engineering of Micronutrients in Crop Plants 297
14.5 Microbes in the Biofortification of Micronutrients in Crops 298
14.6 Conclusions 299
References 299
15 Algal Biomass: A Natural Resource of High-Value Biomolecules 303
Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Ananya Singh, Variyata Agrawal, and Neelam Yadav
15.1 Introduction 303
15.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 304
15.3 Algae in High-Value Biomolecules Production 306
15.3.1 Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids 310
15.3.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 311
15.3.3 Polysaccharides 312
15.3.4 Pigments 313
15.3.4.1 Chlorophylls 313
15.3.4.2 Carotenoids 314
15.3.4.3 Phycobilliproteins (PBPs) 315
15.3.5 Vitamins 316
15.3.6 Polyphenols 316
15.3.7 Phytosterols 317
15.3.8 Phytohormones 318
15.3.9 Minerals 318
15.4 Algae in Biofuel Production/Generation 319
15.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion 319
15.4.2 Chemical Conversion by Transesterification 321
15.4.3 Biochemical Conversion 322
15.4.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 324
15.5 Algae in Additional Applications 325
15.5.1 Algae as Livestock Feed and Nutrition 325
15.5.2 Algae as Feed in Aquaculture 326
15.5.3 Algae as Bio-Fertilizer 326
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 326
References 327
16 Plant Bioprospecting for Biopesticides and Bioinsecticides 335
Aradhana Lucky Hans and Sangeeta Saxena
16.1 Introduction 335
16.2 Current Scenario in India 336
16.3 Plants-Based Active Compounds 337
16.3.1 Azadirachtin 337
16.3.2 Pyrethrins 338
16.3.3 Rotenone 338
16.3.4 Sabadilla 339
16.3.5 Ryania 339
16.3.6 Nicotine 339
16.3.7 Acetogenins 339
16.3.8 Capsaicinoids 339
16.3.9 Essential Oils 340
16.4 Advantages and Future Prospects of Bioinsecticides 340
16.5 Conclusions 342
Acknowledgment 343
References 343
17 Plant Biomass to Bioenergy 345
Mrinalini Srivastava and Debasis Chakrabarty
17.1 Introduction 345
17.2 Plant Biomass 346
17.2.1 Types of Biomass (Source: [17]) 347
17.3 Bioenergy 347
17.4 Biomass Conversion into Bioenergy 348
17.4.1 Cogeneration 349
17.5 The Concept of Biomass Energy (Source: [27]) 349
17.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion 349
17.5.1.1 Direct Combustion 349
17.5.1.2 Pyrolysis 349
17.5.1.3 Gasification 349
17.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 350
17.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 350
17.5.2.2 Alcohol Fermentation 350
17.5.2.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 350
17.6 Use of Biofuel in Transportation 350
17.7 Production of Biogas and Biomethane from Biomass 350
17.8 Generation of Biofuel 351
17.8.1 Bioethanol 351
17.8.2 Biodiesel 352
17.9 Advanced Technologies in the Area of Bioenergy 352
17.10 Conclusion 353
Acknowledgment 354
References 354
18 Bioenergy Crops as an Alternate Energy Resource 357
Garima Pathak and Shivanand Suresh Dudhagi
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Classification of Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1 First-Generation Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1.1 Sugarcane 359
18.2.1.2 Corn 359
18.2.1.3 Sweet Sorghum 359
18.2.1.4 Oil Crops 360
18.2.2 Second-Generation Bioenergy Crops 360
18.2.2.1 Switchgrass 360
18.2.2.2 Miscanthus 361
18.2.2.3 Alfalfa 361
18.2.2.4 Reed Canary Grass 361
18.2.2.5 Other Plants 361
18.2.3 Third-Generation Bioenergy Crops 362
18.2.3.1 Boreal Plants 362
18.2.3.2 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Plants 362
18.2.3.3 Eucalyptus 362
18.2.3.4 Agave 362
18.2.3.5 Microalgae 363
18.2.4 Dedicated Bioenergy Crops 363
18.2.5 Halophytes 363
18.3 Characteristics of Bioenergy Crops 364
18.3.1 Physiological and Ecological Traits 364
18.3.2 Agronomic and Metabolic Traits 364
18.3.3 Biochemical Composition and Caloric Content 365
18.4 Genetic Improvement of Bioenergy Crops 365
18.5 Environmental Impacts of Bioenergy Crops 366
18.5.1 Soil Quality 366
18.5.2 Water and Minerals 367
18.5.3 Carbon Sequestration 367
18.5.4 Phytoremediation 367
18.5.5 Biodiversity 368
18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect 369
References 369
19 Marine Bioprospecting: Seaweeds for Industrial Molecules 377
Achintya Kumar Dolui
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Seaweeds as Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 378
19.3 Seaweeds in the Alleviation of Lifestyle Disorders 380
19.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seaweeds 381
19.5 Seaweed Is a Source of Anticoagulant Agent 381
19.6 Anticancer Property of Seaweed 382
19.7 Seaweeds as Antiviral Drugs and Mosquitocides 384
19.8 Use of Seaweeds in the Cosmeceutical Industry 385
19.9 Use of Seaweed as Contraceptive Agents 386
19.10 Extraction of Active Ingredients from Seaweed 388
19.10.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 388
19.10.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) 389
19.10.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 389
19.10.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) and EMEA 390
19.11 Market Potential of Seaweeds 390
19.12 Conclusion 391
References 391
20 Bioprospection of Orchids and Appraisal of Their Therapeutic Indications 401
Devina Ghai, Jagdeep Verma, Arshpreet Kaur, Kranti Thakur, Sandip V. Pawar, and Jaspreet K. Sembi
20.1 Introduction 401
20.2 Orchids as a Bioprospecting Resource 402
20.3 Orchids as Curatives in Traditional India 403
20.4 Therapeutics Indications of Orchids in Asian Region 403
20.5 Evidences of Medicinal Uses of Orchids in Ethnic African Groups 404
20.6 Orchids as a Source of Restoratives in Europe 405
20.7 Remedial Uses of Orchids in American and Australian Cultures 405
20.8 Scientific Appraisal of Therapeutic Indications of Orchids 406
20.8.1 Orchids as Potent Anticancer Agents 406
20.8.2 Immunomodulatory Activity in Orchids 412
20.8.3 Orchids and Their Antioxidant Potential 412
20.8.4 Antimicrobial Studies in Orchids 412
20.8.5 Orchids and Anti-inflammatory Activity 413
20.8.6 Antidiabetic Prospects in Orchids 413
20.8.7 Other Analeptic Properties in Orchids 414
20.9 Conclusions 414
Acknowledgments 415
References 415
Index 425
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bioprospecting; bioprospecting microorganisms; bioprospecting microbial molecules; bioprospecting plant biodiversity; bioprospecting for industry; microbial biodiversity bioprospecting; plant biodiversity bioprospecting; biomolecule bioprospecting
List of Contributors xv
Preface xxi
About the Editors xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
1 An Introduction to Plant Biodiversity and Bioprospecting 1
Ramya Krishnan, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is Bioprospecting 1
1.2.1 Chemical Prospecting 3
1.2.2 Gene Prospecting 3
1.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 4
1.3 Significance of Plants in Bioprospecting 4
1.4 Pros and Cons of Bioprospecting 5
1.5 Recent Trends in Bioprospecting 6
1.6 Omics for Bioprospecting and in silico Bioprospecting 7
1.7 An Insight into the Book 8
References 10
2 Entomotoxic Proteins from Plant Biodiversity to Control the Crop Insect Pests 15
Surjeet Kumar Arya, Shatrughan Shiva, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Lectins 16
2.3 Proteinase Inhibitors 21
2.4 ?-Amylase Inhibitors 24
2.5 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) 27
2.6 Arcelins 30
2.7 Defensins 32
2.8 Cyclotides 32
2.9 Canatoxin-Like Proteins 33
2.10 Ureases and Urease-Derived Encrypted Peptides 33
2.11 Chitinases 36
2.12 Proteases 36
2.13 Conclusions 37
References 37
3 Bioprospecting of Natural Compounds for Industrial and Medical Applications: Current Scenario and Bottleneck 53
Sameer Dixit, Akanchha Shukla, Vinayak Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Why Bioprospecting Is Important 54
3.3 Major Sites for Bioprospecting 54
3.4 Pipeline of Bioprospecting 55
3.5 Biopiracy: An Unethical Bioprospecting 55
3.6 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Agriculture Industry 56
3.7 Bioprospecting Derived Products for Bioremediation 57
3.8 Bioprospecting for Nanoparticles Development 59
3.9 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Pharmaceutical Industry 60
3.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
4 Role of Plants in Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste 73
Pankaj Srivastava and Nishita Giri
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Different Toxic Materials from Industries 75
4.2.1 Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants 75
4.2.2 Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Environment 75
4.2.2.1 Cadmium 75
4.2.2.2 Arsenic 76
4.2.2.3 Chromium 76
4.2.2.4 Pesticide in Environment 76
4.2.3 Phytoremediation Technology in Present Scenario 77
4.2.4 Conclusion 80
References 81
5 Ecological Restoration and Plant Biodiversity 91
Shalini Tiwari and Puneet Singh Chauhan
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Major Areas of Bioprospecting 92
5.2.1 Chemical/Biochemical Prospecting 92
5.2.2 Gene/Genetic Prospecting 92
5.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 93
5.3 Bioprospecting: Creating a Value for Biodiversity 93
5.4 Conservation and Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Utilization of Resources 94
5.5 Biodiversity Development Agreements 95
5.6 Conclusions 96
References 96
6 Endophyte Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries 99
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo and Fabrice Fekam Boyom
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 The Rationale for Bioprospecting Endophytes for Novel Industrial Enzymes 100
6.3 Endophytes as a Source of Industrial Enzymes 101
6.3.1 Amylases 104
6.3.2 Asparaginase 105
6.3.3 Cellulases 107
6.3.4 Chitinases 109
6.3.5 Laccases 110
6.3.6 Lipases 111
6.3.7 Proteases 113
6.3.8 Xylanases 115
6.3.9 Other Enzymes Produced by Endophytes 116
6.3.9.1 AHL-Lactonase 116
6.3.9.2 Agarase 116
6.3.9.3 Chromate Reductase 116
6.3.9.4 ?-Mannanase 117
6.4 Overview of the Methods Used to Investigate Endophytes as Sources of Enzymes 117
6.5 Strategies Applied to Improve the Production of Enzymes by Endophytes 118
6.6 Conclusion 119
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
7 Resource Recovery from the Abundant Agri-biomass 131
Shilpi Bansal, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, and Sudhir P. Singh
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Potential of Agri-biomass to Produce Different Products 133
7.2.1 Conversion of Agri-biomass into Valuable Chemicals 133
7.2.2 Energy Production Using Agri-biomass 134
7.2.3 Role of Agri-biomass in Heavy Metal Decontamination 135
7.2.4 Manufacturing of Lightweight Materials 137
7.3 Case Studies 138
7.3.1 Utilization of Paddy Waste 138
7.3.2 Utilization of Mustard Waste 140
7.3.3 Utilization of Maize Waste 140
7.3.4 Utilization of Horticulture Waste 142
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 144
References 144
8 Antimicrobial Products from Plant Biodiversity 153
Pankaj Kumar Verma, Shikha Verma, Nalini Pandey, and Debasis Chakrabarty
8.1 Introduction 153
8.2 Use of Plant Products as Antimicrobials: Historical Perspective 154
8.3 Major Groups of Plants-Derived Antimicrobial Compound 156
8.3.1 Simple Phenols and Phenolic Acids 156
8.3.1.1 Flavonoids 156
8.3.1.2 Quinones 160
8.3.1.3 Tannins 160
8.3.1.4 Coumarins 161
8.3.2 Terpenes and Essential Oils 162
8.3.3 Alkaloids 163
8.4 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activity 163
8.4.1 Plant Extracts with Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.2 Plant Extracts with Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.3 Plant Extracts with Biofilm Inhibitory Activity 165
8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 165
References 166
9 Functional Plants as Natural Sources of Dietary Antioxidants 175
Ao Shang, Jia-Hui Li, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Min Luo, and Hua-Bin Li
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity 176
9.3 Antioxidant Activity of Functional Plants 176
9.3.1 Vegetables 176
9.3.2 Fruits 177
9.3.3 Medicinal Plants 181
9.3.4 Cereal Grains 181
9.3.5 Flowers 181
9.3.6 Microalgae 181
9.3.7 Teas 182
9.4 Applications of Plant Antioxidants 182
9.4.1 Food Additives 182
9.4.2 Dietary Supplements 183
9.5 Conclusions 183
References 184
10 Biodiversity and Importance of Plant Bioprospecting in Cosmetics 189
K. Sri Manjari, Debarati Chakraborty, Aakanksha Kumar, and Sakshi Singh
10.1 Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, and Cosmetics - A Harmony of Triad 189
10.2 The Fury of Synthetic Chemicals in Cosmetics on Health 191
10.3 India's Biodiversity and Its Traditional Knowledge/Medicine in Cosmetics 191
10.3.1 Herbal Cosmetics 194
10.4 Use of Plant-Based Products in the Cosmetic Industry 194
10.5 Green Cosmetics - Significance and Current Status of the Global Market 196
10.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (Economic, Ecological Benefits) in Cosmetic Industry - How Bioprospecting and Green Cosmetics Can Help? 199
10.6 Ethical and Legal Implications of Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 200
10.6.1 International Laws Regulating Bioprospecting 201
10.6.2 Indian Law Regulating Bioprospecting 202
10.6.3 Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) 202
10.6.4 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 203
10.6.5 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC) 203
10.7 Laws Regulating Cosmetics 203
10.8 Role of Biotechnology in Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 204
References 205
11 Therapeutic Lead Secondary Metabolites Production Using Plant In Vitro Cultures 211
Vikas Srivastava, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, Skalzang Lhamo, Sonal Mishra, and Shakti Mehrotra
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Secondary Metabolites and Pharmaceutical Significance 212
11.3 Plant In Vitro Cultures and Strategies for Secondary Metabolite Production 214
11.3.1 Precursor Feeding 214
11.3.2 Metabolic Engineering 215
11.3.3 Elicitation 216
11.3.4 Bioreactor Up-scaling 216
11.4 Exemplification of the Utilization of Different Types of Plant In Vitro Cultures for SMs Production 217
11.4.1 Shoot Culture 217
11.4.2 Adventitious Root Culture 220
11.4.3 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture 220
11.4.4 Hairy Root Cultures 221
11.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
12 Plant Diversity and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Spices and Condiments 231
Thakku R. Ramkumar and Subbiah Karuppusamy
12.1 Introduction 231
12.2 Habitat and Diversity of Major Spices and Condiments in India 232
12.3 Ethnobotanical Context of Spices and Condiments in India 241
12.4 Major Spices and Condiments in India 243
12.4.1 Black Pepper 243
12.4.2 Capsicums 243
12.4.3 Cinnamomum 244
12.4.4 Coriander 244
12.4.5 Cumin 244
12.4.6 Cardamom 245
12.4.7 Fennel 245
12.4.8 Ginger 245
12.4.9 Mustard Seed 246
12.4.10 Nutmeg 246
12.4.11 Saffron 246
12.4.12 Turmeric 246
12.4.13 Vanilla 247
12.5 Importance of Indian Spices 247
12.6 Spice Plantation and Cultivation in India 249
12.7 Cultivation Technology of Caper Bud in India 250
12.8 Export of Indian Spices 251
12.9 Conservation Efforts Against Selected Uncultivated Wild Spices and Condiments 254
12.10 Institutions and Organization Dedicated for Research and Development in Spices and Condiments in India 254
12.11 Recent Researches on Spices and Condiments 255
12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 256
Acknowledgments 256
Authors' Contribution 256
References 257
13 Plants as Source of Essential Oils and Perfumery Applications 261
Monica Butnariu
13.1 Background 261
13.2 Biochemistry of Essential Oils 262
13.2.1 The Physiological Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Essential Oils 262
13.2.2 The Role of Terpenes in Plants 263
13.2.3 The Prevalence Essential Oils in Plants 264
13.2.4 Paths of Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds in Plants 265
13.2.4.1 Metabolic Cycles Involved in the Biosynthesis of Different Groups of Secondary Metabolites 265
13.2.4.2 Metabolic Cycles of Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds 266
13.3 The Metabolism Terpenes 269
13.3.1 Metabolic Cycle of Mevalonic Acid Biosynthesis 271
13.3.2 Metabolic Cycle of Methylerythritol Phosphate Biosynthesis 272
13.4 The Role of Essential Oils and the Specificity of Their Accumulation in Plants 272
13.5 Essential Oils from Plants in Perfume 281
13.5.1 Linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), C10H18O 286
13.5.2 Camphor (1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one), C10H16O 286
13.5.3 Cedrol (1S, 2R, 5S, 7R, 8R)-(2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo [5.3.1.01,5] undecan-8-ol or cedran-8-ol), C15H26O 286
13.5.4 Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-allylphenol; 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), C10H12O2 287
13.5.5 Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al), C10H16O 287
13.5.6 Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) C8H8O3 287
13.5.7 Syringe Aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde) C9H10O4 288
13.6 Conclusions and Remarks 289
References 290
14 Bioprospection of Plants for Essential Mineral Micronutrients 293
Nikita Bisht and Puneet Singh Chauhan
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Plants as a Source of Mineral Micronutrients 293
14.3 Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plants 294
14.3.1 Bioavailability of Fe and Zn 294
14.3.2 Impact of Food Processing on Micronutrient Bioavailability from Plant Foods 295
14.4 Manipulating Plant Micronutrients 296
14.4.1 Improving Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods 296
14.4.2 Metabolic Engineering of Micronutrients in Crop Plants 297
14.5 Microbes in the Biofortification of Micronutrients in Crops 298
14.6 Conclusions 299
References 299
15 Algal Biomass: A Natural Resource of High-Value Biomolecules 303
Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Ananya Singh, Variyata Agrawal, and Neelam Yadav
15.1 Introduction 303
15.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 304
15.3 Algae in High-Value Biomolecules Production 306
15.3.1 Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids 310
15.3.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 311
15.3.3 Polysaccharides 312
15.3.4 Pigments 313
15.3.4.1 Chlorophylls 313
15.3.4.2 Carotenoids 314
15.3.4.3 Phycobilliproteins (PBPs) 315
15.3.5 Vitamins 316
15.3.6 Polyphenols 316
15.3.7 Phytosterols 317
15.3.8 Phytohormones 318
15.3.9 Minerals 318
15.4 Algae in Biofuel Production/Generation 319
15.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion 319
15.4.2 Chemical Conversion by Transesterification 321
15.4.3 Biochemical Conversion 322
15.4.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 324
15.5 Algae in Additional Applications 325
15.5.1 Algae as Livestock Feed and Nutrition 325
15.5.2 Algae as Feed in Aquaculture 326
15.5.3 Algae as Bio-Fertilizer 326
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 326
References 327
16 Plant Bioprospecting for Biopesticides and Bioinsecticides 335
Aradhana Lucky Hans and Sangeeta Saxena
16.1 Introduction 335
16.2 Current Scenario in India 336
16.3 Plants-Based Active Compounds 337
16.3.1 Azadirachtin 337
16.3.2 Pyrethrins 338
16.3.3 Rotenone 338
16.3.4 Sabadilla 339
16.3.5 Ryania 339
16.3.6 Nicotine 339
16.3.7 Acetogenins 339
16.3.8 Capsaicinoids 339
16.3.9 Essential Oils 340
16.4 Advantages and Future Prospects of Bioinsecticides 340
16.5 Conclusions 342
Acknowledgment 343
References 343
17 Plant Biomass to Bioenergy 345
Mrinalini Srivastava and Debasis Chakrabarty
17.1 Introduction 345
17.2 Plant Biomass 346
17.2.1 Types of Biomass (Source: [17]) 347
17.3 Bioenergy 347
17.4 Biomass Conversion into Bioenergy 348
17.4.1 Cogeneration 349
17.5 The Concept of Biomass Energy (Source: [27]) 349
17.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion 349
17.5.1.1 Direct Combustion 349
17.5.1.2 Pyrolysis 349
17.5.1.3 Gasification 349
17.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 350
17.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 350
17.5.2.2 Alcohol Fermentation 350
17.5.2.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 350
17.6 Use of Biofuel in Transportation 350
17.7 Production of Biogas and Biomethane from Biomass 350
17.8 Generation of Biofuel 351
17.8.1 Bioethanol 351
17.8.2 Biodiesel 352
17.9 Advanced Technologies in the Area of Bioenergy 352
17.10 Conclusion 353
Acknowledgment 354
References 354
18 Bioenergy Crops as an Alternate Energy Resource 357
Garima Pathak and Shivanand Suresh Dudhagi
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Classification of Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1 First-Generation Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1.1 Sugarcane 359
18.2.1.2 Corn 359
18.2.1.3 Sweet Sorghum 359
18.2.1.4 Oil Crops 360
18.2.2 Second-Generation Bioenergy Crops 360
18.2.2.1 Switchgrass 360
18.2.2.2 Miscanthus 361
18.2.2.3 Alfalfa 361
18.2.2.4 Reed Canary Grass 361
18.2.2.5 Other Plants 361
18.2.3 Third-Generation Bioenergy Crops 362
18.2.3.1 Boreal Plants 362
18.2.3.2 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Plants 362
18.2.3.3 Eucalyptus 362
18.2.3.4 Agave 362
18.2.3.5 Microalgae 363
18.2.4 Dedicated Bioenergy Crops 363
18.2.5 Halophytes 363
18.3 Characteristics of Bioenergy Crops 364
18.3.1 Physiological and Ecological Traits 364
18.3.2 Agronomic and Metabolic Traits 364
18.3.3 Biochemical Composition and Caloric Content 365
18.4 Genetic Improvement of Bioenergy Crops 365
18.5 Environmental Impacts of Bioenergy Crops 366
18.5.1 Soil Quality 366
18.5.2 Water and Minerals 367
18.5.3 Carbon Sequestration 367
18.5.4 Phytoremediation 367
18.5.5 Biodiversity 368
18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect 369
References 369
19 Marine Bioprospecting: Seaweeds for Industrial Molecules 377
Achintya Kumar Dolui
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Seaweeds as Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 378
19.3 Seaweeds in the Alleviation of Lifestyle Disorders 380
19.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seaweeds 381
19.5 Seaweed Is a Source of Anticoagulant Agent 381
19.6 Anticancer Property of Seaweed 382
19.7 Seaweeds as Antiviral Drugs and Mosquitocides 384
19.8 Use of Seaweeds in the Cosmeceutical Industry 385
19.9 Use of Seaweed as Contraceptive Agents 386
19.10 Extraction of Active Ingredients from Seaweed 388
19.10.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 388
19.10.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) 389
19.10.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 389
19.10.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) and EMEA 390
19.11 Market Potential of Seaweeds 390
19.12 Conclusion 391
References 391
20 Bioprospection of Orchids and Appraisal of Their Therapeutic Indications 401
Devina Ghai, Jagdeep Verma, Arshpreet Kaur, Kranti Thakur, Sandip V. Pawar, and Jaspreet K. Sembi
20.1 Introduction 401
20.2 Orchids as a Bioprospecting Resource 402
20.3 Orchids as Curatives in Traditional India 403
20.4 Therapeutics Indications of Orchids in Asian Region 403
20.5 Evidences of Medicinal Uses of Orchids in Ethnic African Groups 404
20.6 Orchids as a Source of Restoratives in Europe 405
20.7 Remedial Uses of Orchids in American and Australian Cultures 405
20.8 Scientific Appraisal of Therapeutic Indications of Orchids 406
20.8.1 Orchids as Potent Anticancer Agents 406
20.8.2 Immunomodulatory Activity in Orchids 412
20.8.3 Orchids and Their Antioxidant Potential 412
20.8.4 Antimicrobial Studies in Orchids 412
20.8.5 Orchids and Anti-inflammatory Activity 413
20.8.6 Antidiabetic Prospects in Orchids 413
20.8.7 Other Analeptic Properties in Orchids 414
20.9 Conclusions 414
Acknowledgments 415
References 415
Index 425
Preface xxi
About the Editors xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
1 An Introduction to Plant Biodiversity and Bioprospecting 1
Ramya Krishnan, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is Bioprospecting 1
1.2.1 Chemical Prospecting 3
1.2.2 Gene Prospecting 3
1.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 4
1.3 Significance of Plants in Bioprospecting 4
1.4 Pros and Cons of Bioprospecting 5
1.5 Recent Trends in Bioprospecting 6
1.6 Omics for Bioprospecting and in silico Bioprospecting 7
1.7 An Insight into the Book 8
References 10
2 Entomotoxic Proteins from Plant Biodiversity to Control the Crop Insect Pests 15
Surjeet Kumar Arya, Shatrughan Shiva, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Lectins 16
2.3 Proteinase Inhibitors 21
2.4 ?-Amylase Inhibitors 24
2.5 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) 27
2.6 Arcelins 30
2.7 Defensins 32
2.8 Cyclotides 32
2.9 Canatoxin-Like Proteins 33
2.10 Ureases and Urease-Derived Encrypted Peptides 33
2.11 Chitinases 36
2.12 Proteases 36
2.13 Conclusions 37
References 37
3 Bioprospecting of Natural Compounds for Industrial and Medical Applications: Current Scenario and Bottleneck 53
Sameer Dixit, Akanchha Shukla, Vinayak Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Why Bioprospecting Is Important 54
3.3 Major Sites for Bioprospecting 54
3.4 Pipeline of Bioprospecting 55
3.5 Biopiracy: An Unethical Bioprospecting 55
3.6 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Agriculture Industry 56
3.7 Bioprospecting Derived Products for Bioremediation 57
3.8 Bioprospecting for Nanoparticles Development 59
3.9 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Pharmaceutical Industry 60
3.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
4 Role of Plants in Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste 73
Pankaj Srivastava and Nishita Giri
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Different Toxic Materials from Industries 75
4.2.1 Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants 75
4.2.2 Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Environment 75
4.2.2.1 Cadmium 75
4.2.2.2 Arsenic 76
4.2.2.3 Chromium 76
4.2.2.4 Pesticide in Environment 76
4.2.3 Phytoremediation Technology in Present Scenario 77
4.2.4 Conclusion 80
References 81
5 Ecological Restoration and Plant Biodiversity 91
Shalini Tiwari and Puneet Singh Chauhan
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Major Areas of Bioprospecting 92
5.2.1 Chemical/Biochemical Prospecting 92
5.2.2 Gene/Genetic Prospecting 92
5.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 93
5.3 Bioprospecting: Creating a Value for Biodiversity 93
5.4 Conservation and Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Utilization of Resources 94
5.5 Biodiversity Development Agreements 95
5.6 Conclusions 96
References 96
6 Endophyte Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries 99
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo and Fabrice Fekam Boyom
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 The Rationale for Bioprospecting Endophytes for Novel Industrial Enzymes 100
6.3 Endophytes as a Source of Industrial Enzymes 101
6.3.1 Amylases 104
6.3.2 Asparaginase 105
6.3.3 Cellulases 107
6.3.4 Chitinases 109
6.3.5 Laccases 110
6.3.6 Lipases 111
6.3.7 Proteases 113
6.3.8 Xylanases 115
6.3.9 Other Enzymes Produced by Endophytes 116
6.3.9.1 AHL-Lactonase 116
6.3.9.2 Agarase 116
6.3.9.3 Chromate Reductase 116
6.3.9.4 ?-Mannanase 117
6.4 Overview of the Methods Used to Investigate Endophytes as Sources of Enzymes 117
6.5 Strategies Applied to Improve the Production of Enzymes by Endophytes 118
6.6 Conclusion 119
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
7 Resource Recovery from the Abundant Agri-biomass 131
Shilpi Bansal, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, and Sudhir P. Singh
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Potential of Agri-biomass to Produce Different Products 133
7.2.1 Conversion of Agri-biomass into Valuable Chemicals 133
7.2.2 Energy Production Using Agri-biomass 134
7.2.3 Role of Agri-biomass in Heavy Metal Decontamination 135
7.2.4 Manufacturing of Lightweight Materials 137
7.3 Case Studies 138
7.3.1 Utilization of Paddy Waste 138
7.3.2 Utilization of Mustard Waste 140
7.3.3 Utilization of Maize Waste 140
7.3.4 Utilization of Horticulture Waste 142
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 144
References 144
8 Antimicrobial Products from Plant Biodiversity 153
Pankaj Kumar Verma, Shikha Verma, Nalini Pandey, and Debasis Chakrabarty
8.1 Introduction 153
8.2 Use of Plant Products as Antimicrobials: Historical Perspective 154
8.3 Major Groups of Plants-Derived Antimicrobial Compound 156
8.3.1 Simple Phenols and Phenolic Acids 156
8.3.1.1 Flavonoids 156
8.3.1.2 Quinones 160
8.3.1.3 Tannins 160
8.3.1.4 Coumarins 161
8.3.2 Terpenes and Essential Oils 162
8.3.3 Alkaloids 163
8.4 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activity 163
8.4.1 Plant Extracts with Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.2 Plant Extracts with Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity 164
8.4.3 Plant Extracts with Biofilm Inhibitory Activity 165
8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 165
References 166
9 Functional Plants as Natural Sources of Dietary Antioxidants 175
Ao Shang, Jia-Hui Li, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Min Luo, and Hua-Bin Li
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity 176
9.3 Antioxidant Activity of Functional Plants 176
9.3.1 Vegetables 176
9.3.2 Fruits 177
9.3.3 Medicinal Plants 181
9.3.4 Cereal Grains 181
9.3.5 Flowers 181
9.3.6 Microalgae 181
9.3.7 Teas 182
9.4 Applications of Plant Antioxidants 182
9.4.1 Food Additives 182
9.4.2 Dietary Supplements 183
9.5 Conclusions 183
References 184
10 Biodiversity and Importance of Plant Bioprospecting in Cosmetics 189
K. Sri Manjari, Debarati Chakraborty, Aakanksha Kumar, and Sakshi Singh
10.1 Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, and Cosmetics - A Harmony of Triad 189
10.2 The Fury of Synthetic Chemicals in Cosmetics on Health 191
10.3 India's Biodiversity and Its Traditional Knowledge/Medicine in Cosmetics 191
10.3.1 Herbal Cosmetics 194
10.4 Use of Plant-Based Products in the Cosmetic Industry 194
10.5 Green Cosmetics - Significance and Current Status of the Global Market 196
10.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (Economic, Ecological Benefits) in Cosmetic Industry - How Bioprospecting and Green Cosmetics Can Help? 199
10.6 Ethical and Legal Implications of Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 200
10.6.1 International Laws Regulating Bioprospecting 201
10.6.2 Indian Law Regulating Bioprospecting 202
10.6.3 Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) 202
10.6.4 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 203
10.6.5 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC) 203
10.7 Laws Regulating Cosmetics 203
10.8 Role of Biotechnology in Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 204
References 205
11 Therapeutic Lead Secondary Metabolites Production Using Plant In Vitro Cultures 211
Vikas Srivastava, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, Skalzang Lhamo, Sonal Mishra, and Shakti Mehrotra
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Secondary Metabolites and Pharmaceutical Significance 212
11.3 Plant In Vitro Cultures and Strategies for Secondary Metabolite Production 214
11.3.1 Precursor Feeding 214
11.3.2 Metabolic Engineering 215
11.3.3 Elicitation 216
11.3.4 Bioreactor Up-scaling 216
11.4 Exemplification of the Utilization of Different Types of Plant In Vitro Cultures for SMs Production 217
11.4.1 Shoot Culture 217
11.4.2 Adventitious Root Culture 220
11.4.3 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture 220
11.4.4 Hairy Root Cultures 221
11.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
12 Plant Diversity and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Spices and Condiments 231
Thakku R. Ramkumar and Subbiah Karuppusamy
12.1 Introduction 231
12.2 Habitat and Diversity of Major Spices and Condiments in India 232
12.3 Ethnobotanical Context of Spices and Condiments in India 241
12.4 Major Spices and Condiments in India 243
12.4.1 Black Pepper 243
12.4.2 Capsicums 243
12.4.3 Cinnamomum 244
12.4.4 Coriander 244
12.4.5 Cumin 244
12.4.6 Cardamom 245
12.4.7 Fennel 245
12.4.8 Ginger 245
12.4.9 Mustard Seed 246
12.4.10 Nutmeg 246
12.4.11 Saffron 246
12.4.12 Turmeric 246
12.4.13 Vanilla 247
12.5 Importance of Indian Spices 247
12.6 Spice Plantation and Cultivation in India 249
12.7 Cultivation Technology of Caper Bud in India 250
12.8 Export of Indian Spices 251
12.9 Conservation Efforts Against Selected Uncultivated Wild Spices and Condiments 254
12.10 Institutions and Organization Dedicated for Research and Development in Spices and Condiments in India 254
12.11 Recent Researches on Spices and Condiments 255
12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 256
Acknowledgments 256
Authors' Contribution 256
References 257
13 Plants as Source of Essential Oils and Perfumery Applications 261
Monica Butnariu
13.1 Background 261
13.2 Biochemistry of Essential Oils 262
13.2.1 The Physiological Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Essential Oils 262
13.2.2 The Role of Terpenes in Plants 263
13.2.3 The Prevalence Essential Oils in Plants 264
13.2.4 Paths of Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds in Plants 265
13.2.4.1 Metabolic Cycles Involved in the Biosynthesis of Different Groups of Secondary Metabolites 265
13.2.4.2 Metabolic Cycles of Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds 266
13.3 The Metabolism Terpenes 269
13.3.1 Metabolic Cycle of Mevalonic Acid Biosynthesis 271
13.3.2 Metabolic Cycle of Methylerythritol Phosphate Biosynthesis 272
13.4 The Role of Essential Oils and the Specificity of Their Accumulation in Plants 272
13.5 Essential Oils from Plants in Perfume 281
13.5.1 Linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), C10H18O 286
13.5.2 Camphor (1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one), C10H16O 286
13.5.3 Cedrol (1S, 2R, 5S, 7R, 8R)-(2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo [5.3.1.01,5] undecan-8-ol or cedran-8-ol), C15H26O 286
13.5.4 Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-allylphenol; 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), C10H12O2 287
13.5.5 Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al), C10H16O 287
13.5.6 Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) C8H8O3 287
13.5.7 Syringe Aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde) C9H10O4 288
13.6 Conclusions and Remarks 289
References 290
14 Bioprospection of Plants for Essential Mineral Micronutrients 293
Nikita Bisht and Puneet Singh Chauhan
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Plants as a Source of Mineral Micronutrients 293
14.3 Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plants 294
14.3.1 Bioavailability of Fe and Zn 294
14.3.2 Impact of Food Processing on Micronutrient Bioavailability from Plant Foods 295
14.4 Manipulating Plant Micronutrients 296
14.4.1 Improving Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods 296
14.4.2 Metabolic Engineering of Micronutrients in Crop Plants 297
14.5 Microbes in the Biofortification of Micronutrients in Crops 298
14.6 Conclusions 299
References 299
15 Algal Biomass: A Natural Resource of High-Value Biomolecules 303
Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Ananya Singh, Variyata Agrawal, and Neelam Yadav
15.1 Introduction 303
15.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 304
15.3 Algae in High-Value Biomolecules Production 306
15.3.1 Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids 310
15.3.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 311
15.3.3 Polysaccharides 312
15.3.4 Pigments 313
15.3.4.1 Chlorophylls 313
15.3.4.2 Carotenoids 314
15.3.4.3 Phycobilliproteins (PBPs) 315
15.3.5 Vitamins 316
15.3.6 Polyphenols 316
15.3.7 Phytosterols 317
15.3.8 Phytohormones 318
15.3.9 Minerals 318
15.4 Algae in Biofuel Production/Generation 319
15.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion 319
15.4.2 Chemical Conversion by Transesterification 321
15.4.3 Biochemical Conversion 322
15.4.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 324
15.5 Algae in Additional Applications 325
15.5.1 Algae as Livestock Feed and Nutrition 325
15.5.2 Algae as Feed in Aquaculture 326
15.5.3 Algae as Bio-Fertilizer 326
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 326
References 327
16 Plant Bioprospecting for Biopesticides and Bioinsecticides 335
Aradhana Lucky Hans and Sangeeta Saxena
16.1 Introduction 335
16.2 Current Scenario in India 336
16.3 Plants-Based Active Compounds 337
16.3.1 Azadirachtin 337
16.3.2 Pyrethrins 338
16.3.3 Rotenone 338
16.3.4 Sabadilla 339
16.3.5 Ryania 339
16.3.6 Nicotine 339
16.3.7 Acetogenins 339
16.3.8 Capsaicinoids 339
16.3.9 Essential Oils 340
16.4 Advantages and Future Prospects of Bioinsecticides 340
16.5 Conclusions 342
Acknowledgment 343
References 343
17 Plant Biomass to Bioenergy 345
Mrinalini Srivastava and Debasis Chakrabarty
17.1 Introduction 345
17.2 Plant Biomass 346
17.2.1 Types of Biomass (Source: [17]) 347
17.3 Bioenergy 347
17.4 Biomass Conversion into Bioenergy 348
17.4.1 Cogeneration 349
17.5 The Concept of Biomass Energy (Source: [27]) 349
17.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion 349
17.5.1.1 Direct Combustion 349
17.5.1.2 Pyrolysis 349
17.5.1.3 Gasification 349
17.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 350
17.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 350
17.5.2.2 Alcohol Fermentation 350
17.5.2.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 350
17.6 Use of Biofuel in Transportation 350
17.7 Production of Biogas and Biomethane from Biomass 350
17.8 Generation of Biofuel 351
17.8.1 Bioethanol 351
17.8.2 Biodiesel 352
17.9 Advanced Technologies in the Area of Bioenergy 352
17.10 Conclusion 353
Acknowledgment 354
References 354
18 Bioenergy Crops as an Alternate Energy Resource 357
Garima Pathak and Shivanand Suresh Dudhagi
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Classification of Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1 First-Generation Bioenergy Crops 358
18.2.1.1 Sugarcane 359
18.2.1.2 Corn 359
18.2.1.3 Sweet Sorghum 359
18.2.1.4 Oil Crops 360
18.2.2 Second-Generation Bioenergy Crops 360
18.2.2.1 Switchgrass 360
18.2.2.2 Miscanthus 361
18.2.2.3 Alfalfa 361
18.2.2.4 Reed Canary Grass 361
18.2.2.5 Other Plants 361
18.2.3 Third-Generation Bioenergy Crops 362
18.2.3.1 Boreal Plants 362
18.2.3.2 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Plants 362
18.2.3.3 Eucalyptus 362
18.2.3.4 Agave 362
18.2.3.5 Microalgae 363
18.2.4 Dedicated Bioenergy Crops 363
18.2.5 Halophytes 363
18.3 Characteristics of Bioenergy Crops 364
18.3.1 Physiological and Ecological Traits 364
18.3.2 Agronomic and Metabolic Traits 364
18.3.3 Biochemical Composition and Caloric Content 365
18.4 Genetic Improvement of Bioenergy Crops 365
18.5 Environmental Impacts of Bioenergy Crops 366
18.5.1 Soil Quality 366
18.5.2 Water and Minerals 367
18.5.3 Carbon Sequestration 367
18.5.4 Phytoremediation 367
18.5.5 Biodiversity 368
18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect 369
References 369
19 Marine Bioprospecting: Seaweeds for Industrial Molecules 377
Achintya Kumar Dolui
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Seaweeds as Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 378
19.3 Seaweeds in the Alleviation of Lifestyle Disorders 380
19.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seaweeds 381
19.5 Seaweed Is a Source of Anticoagulant Agent 381
19.6 Anticancer Property of Seaweed 382
19.7 Seaweeds as Antiviral Drugs and Mosquitocides 384
19.8 Use of Seaweeds in the Cosmeceutical Industry 385
19.9 Use of Seaweed as Contraceptive Agents 386
19.10 Extraction of Active Ingredients from Seaweed 388
19.10.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 388
19.10.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) 389
19.10.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 389
19.10.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) and EMEA 390
19.11 Market Potential of Seaweeds 390
19.12 Conclusion 391
References 391
20 Bioprospection of Orchids and Appraisal of Their Therapeutic Indications 401
Devina Ghai, Jagdeep Verma, Arshpreet Kaur, Kranti Thakur, Sandip V. Pawar, and Jaspreet K. Sembi
20.1 Introduction 401
20.2 Orchids as a Bioprospecting Resource 402
20.3 Orchids as Curatives in Traditional India 403
20.4 Therapeutics Indications of Orchids in Asian Region 403
20.5 Evidences of Medicinal Uses of Orchids in Ethnic African Groups 404
20.6 Orchids as a Source of Restoratives in Europe 405
20.7 Remedial Uses of Orchids in American and Australian Cultures 405
20.8 Scientific Appraisal of Therapeutic Indications of Orchids 406
20.8.1 Orchids as Potent Anticancer Agents 406
20.8.2 Immunomodulatory Activity in Orchids 412
20.8.3 Orchids and Their Antioxidant Potential 412
20.8.4 Antimicrobial Studies in Orchids 412
20.8.5 Orchids and Anti-inflammatory Activity 413
20.8.6 Antidiabetic Prospects in Orchids 413
20.8.7 Other Analeptic Properties in Orchids 414
20.9 Conclusions 414
Acknowledgments 415
References 415
Index 425
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