Qualitative Research Methods

Qualitative Research Methods

Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact

Tracy, Sarah J.

John Wiley and Sons Ltd

09/2024

480

Mole

9781119988656

15 a 20 dias

Descrição não disponível.
Preface: Is this book for me? xvii

About the Companion Website xxv

1 The impact and power of qualitative methods 1

Overview and introduction 2

Three core qualitative concepts: self-reflexivity, context, and thick description 2

Self-reflexivity 2

Context 4

Thick description 4

The strengths and distinctions of qualitative research 4

How qualitative research is distinct from quantitative research 5

Strengths of qualitative research 6

Qualitative research is useful in a variety of jobs, settings, and disciplines 8

Qualitative research skills are instrumental at work 8

EXERCISE 1.1 Interviewing a friend, colleague, or classmate 10

How qualitative methods show up in a range of disciplines and settings 11

Transforming ideas to sites, settings, and participants 12

Sources of research ideas 12

EXERCISE 1.2 Field/site/participant brainstorm 13

CONSIDER THIS 1.1 Sources of research ideas 14

Ethical compatibility, yield, suitability, and feasibility 15

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 1.1 Negotiating research with minoritized populations 18

TIPS AND TOOLS 1.1 Factoring the ease of fieldwork 19

Moving toward a research question 19

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 1.2 Published examples of research questions 21

EXERCISE 1.3 Early research question brainstorm 22

Considering collaboration 23

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 24

In summary 25

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 1 Three potential field sites and/or participant groups 25

2 Entering the conversation of qualitative research 27

Phronetic iterative qualitative data analysis (PIQDA) 28

Inductive/emic, deductive/etic, and abductive/iterative approaches 30

The funnel metaphor 31

EXERCISE 2.1 A quick dip into the field 32

Sensitizing concepts 32

A complex focus on the whole 33

Naturalistic inquiry 34

Thick description 34

Bricolage 34

A sampling of theoretical approaches that commonly use qualitative methods 36

Symbolic interactionism 36

CONSIDER THIS 2.1 How do I know myself? 38

Structuration theory 38

CONSIDER THIS 2.2 Why am I standing in line? 40

EXERCISE 2.2 Action versus structure 41

Sensemaking 41

Historical matters and current conversations in qualitative research 43

The early days 43

Ethically problematic research and the creation of the IRB 44

Recent history in academia and the professional sector 45

Current conversations: social justice, ethics, post-qualitative research, big data 46

CONSIDER THIS 2.3 Celebrating diverse bodyminds in qualitative research 48

In summary 50

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 2 Research problems and questions 51

3 Paradigmatic reflections and qualitative research genres 54

Paradigms: positivist, interpretive, critical, postmodern 55

Positivist and post-positivist paradigms 55

Interpretive paradigm 57

EXERCISE 3.1 A frog's eye view through verstehen/understanding 59

Critical paradigm 59

Postmodern and other "post" paradigms 62

Paradigmatic complexities and intersections 65

EXERCISE 3.2 Assumptions of paradigmatic approaches 66

Key genres of qualitative research 68

Case study 68

Grounded theory 69

Ethnography and ethnography of communication 70

Phenomenology 72

Participatory action research 74

Narrative inquiry and autoethnography 76

Creative, performative, and arts-based approaches 77

In summary 78

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 3 Paradigmatic lens and qualitative genre 79

4 Research design, sampling, research proposals, ethics, and IRB 83

Planning the data collection: fieldwork, interviews, texts, and visuals 84

The value of fieldwork and "participant witnessing" 84

The value of interviews 86

The value of textual analysis and cultural studies 87

The value of visual and arts-based materials 88

Developing a sampling plan: who, what, where, how, and when 90

Random samples and representative samples 90

Convenience/opportunistic samples 91

Maximum variation samples 91

Snowball samples 92

Theoretical-construct samples 92

Typical, extreme, deviant, and critical incident samples 92

TIPS AND TOOLS 4.1 Sampling plans 94

How and when to choose your sample 94

Ethics and institutional review boards (IRB) 95

CONSIDER THIS 4.1 Ethical considerations during the research design phase 96

Research instruments, informed consent, and confidentiality 96

Different levels of ethical risk and IRB review 98

The quirks of IRB 99

Creating a research proposal 101

TIPS AND TOOLS 4.2 Research proposal components 102

Title, abstract, and keywords 102

Introduction/rationale 103

EXERCISE 4.1 Conceptual cocktail party 104

Literature review and conceptual framework 106

EXERCISE 4.2 Annotated bibliography 107

Research questions/foci 107

Methodology and methods 107

TIPS AND TOOLS 4.3 What belongs in a qualitative methods section? 108

Budget/timeline 108

TIPS AND TOOLS 4.4 What to include in a qualitative project budget 109

Projected outcomes 109

In summary 110

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 4 Research proposal & institutional ethics review 110

5 Negotiating access and exploring the scene 114

Confessional tales that illustrate common challenges of access and consent 115

Riding my mentor's coattails: Citywest 911 emergency call-takers 115

Becoming a full participant: the Radiant Sun cruise ship 116

Entering a closed organization: Women's Minimum and Nouveau Jail 117

Accessing an elite interviewee population surrounding a delicate topic 118

Practical considerations of negotiating access 119

Do some homework before you begin 120

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.1 Contact information log 121

Please don't reject me! Seeking research permission 121

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.2 Sample access proposal: Emotion, culture, and organizational communication 124

An ethical posture of accessing virtual and digital texts 125

Negotiating access for interviews and avoiding imposter participants 127

Abandoning the ego, engaging embodiment, embracing liminality 128

EXERCISE 5.1 Self-identity audit 130

Navigating those first research interactions 131

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.3 Initial reactions speak volumes 132

Relationship building with participants 133

Seeking informed consent in the scene 133

TIPS AND TOOLS 5.1 Navigating the beginning of the qualitative research project 134

Exploratory methods 134

Briefing interviews and participant information table 134

Member diaries 135

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.4 Participant information table 135

Maps and narrative tours 136

In summary 138

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 5 Research design, map, and narrative tour 139

6 Field roles, fieldnotes, and field focus 141

Field roles and standpoints 142

Complete participant 143

Play participant 145

CONSIDER THIS 6.1 When playing is uncomfortable 146

Focused witness 146

Complete witness 147

TIPS AND TOOLS 6.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different field roles 149

Visual, virtual, and digital aspects of fieldwork 150

Writing fieldnotes: raw records, headnotes, and formal fieldnotes 151

Raw records and headnotes 151

EXERCISE 6.1 Taking raw records in the scene 153

Formal fieldnotes 154

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 6.1 Fieldnote header 155

Qualities of good fieldnotes 156

Economy versus detail 156

Showing (and using dialogue) versus telling 156

Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar 157

Noticing the data as evidence 158

CONSIDER THIS 6.2 Noticing the data as evidence 159

Analytic reflections 159

Fieldnote wrap-up 160

TIPS AND TOOLS 6.2 Fieldnote writing tips 161

Focusing the data and using heuristic devices 161

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 163

In summary 166

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 6 Fieldnotes 166

7 Interview planning and design: Structuring, wording, and questioning 169

Self-reflexivity in interviews 170

EXERCISE 7.1 Self-reflexive interviewing 171

Interview structure, type, and stance 171

Level of structure in interviews 171

Interview types: ethnographic, informant, respondent, narrative 173

Interview stances: deliberate naivete, collaborative, pedagogical, responsive, confrontational 174

TIPS AND TOOLS 7.1 Interview structure, types, and stances 175

Interview guide and question wording 176

Wording good questions 176

EXERCISE 7.2 Strategizing interviews 176

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 7.1 Research questions versus interview questions 177

Interview questions: types, purposes, examples, and sequencing 178

Opening the interview 178

TIPS AND TOOLS 7.2 Interview question types 179

Generative questions 180

Directive questions 182

Closing the interview 184

Visual, embodied, and experiential interview approaches 184

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 7.2 Mobile peripatetic interviews 187

Interview question wrap-up 188

How many interviews are "enough"? 189

In summary 191

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 7 Annotated interview schedule/guide, sample rationale, and pilot 192

8 Interview practice: Embodied, mediated, and focus-group approaches 196

Conducting face-to-face interviews 197

Interview logistics 197

Why good interviewing is so much more than asking questions 199

Technologically mediated approaches to interviewing 201

Strengths of mediated interviews 202

Disadvantages of mediated interviews 203

TIPS AND TOOLS 8.1 Mediated interviews: advantages and disadvantages 204

The focus-group interview 205

The value of focus groups 206

When to use focus groups 208

Planning focus groups 208

TIPS AND TOOLS 8.2 Logistics of formal focus groups 209

Facilitating the focus group 211

EXERCISE 8.1 Practicing focus groups 212

Overcoming common focus group and interviewing challenges 213

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 8.1 Interviewing people who are suffering 215

EXERCISE 8.2 Role-playing interview challenges in a fishbowl 217

Transcribing 218

TIPS AND TOOLS 8.3 Common transcribing symbols 220

In summary 221

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 8 Interview practice, play-back, transcription, and fact-checking 222

9 Phronetic iterative qualitative data analysis (PIQDA) 224

Phronetic iterative qualitative data analysis (PIQDA) 225

Organizing and preparing the data 228

Coding: what it is and how to start 229

CONSIDER THIS 9.1 Motivating questions and coding domains 231

Analysis technology: manual approaches versus computerized software 232

Manual approaches 232

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 9.1 Manual coding visual displays: Artistic canvas and tabletop categories 233

Analysis using computers, AI, and qualitative data analysis software 235

Primary-cycle coding and first-level descriptive codes 236

EXERCISE 9.1 Playing with analysis and thinking qualitatively (also known as practicing without the fear of screwing it up) 238

Secondary-cycle coding: second-level analytic and axial/hierarchical codes 239

EXERCISE 9.2 Grouping together codes via axial and hierarchical coding 241

Focusing the analysis and creating a codebook 242

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 9.2 Codebook excerpt 243

CONSIDER THIS 9.2 Focusing the data analysis 246

Synthesizing activities: memos, negative cases, and analytic outlines 246

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 9.3 Analytic memos 247

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 9.4 Loose analysis outline 249

PIQDA visual overview and where to go from here 250

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 251

In summary 252

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 9 Phronetic iterative qualitative data analysis (PIQDA) practices 253

10 Advanced data analysis: The art and magic of interpretation 256

Advanced tools for data analysis: visual displays and QDAS 258

Visual data displays 258

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 10.1 Matrix display 259

Qualitative data analysis software 261

Exemplars and vignettes 264

Developing typologies 266

Narrative analysis and dramatistic strategy 267

TIPS AND TOOLS 10.1 Questions to inspire narrative analysis 270

Metaphor analysis 271

Explanation and causality 274

Discourse tracing 276

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 10.2 Micro, meso, macro sources 277

A post-qualitative analysis: deconstructionism and arts-based research 279

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 281

In summary 282

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 10 Advanced data analysis/interpretation 282

11 A big tent model of qualitative quality: Creating a credible, ethical, significant study 285

Combatting positivism creep: moving beyond objectivity, reliability, and formal generalizability 286

Eight "big tent" criteria for high-quality qualitative research 288

TIPS AND TOOLS 11.1 Eight "big tent" criteria for excellent qualitative research 289

Worthy topic 291

Rich rigor 291

EXERCISE 11.1 Gauging worth and rigor 292

Sincerity 293

Critical self-reflexivity 293

Transparency 294

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 11.1 Sincerity word cloud 294

Credibility 295

Thick description 295

Crystallization or triangulation (NOT both at the same time) 295

TIPS AND TOOLS 11.2 Intercoder reliability 297

Multivocality 297

Member reflections (NOT member "checks") 298

Resonance 299

Transferability, naturalistic generalization, and provocative generalization 300

Aesthetic merit 301

Significant contribution 301

EXERCISE 11.2 Articulating and gauging significance 304

Ethical research practice 304

Procedural ethics 304

Situational ethics 305

CONSIDER THIS 11.1 Situational and relational ethics 306

Meaningful coherence 306

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 308

In summary 309

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 11 Articulating quality practices 309

12 Theorizing and writing: Explaining, synthesizing, and crafting a tale 313

Theorizing, brainstorming, explaining 314

EXERCISE 12.1 Words push back on us: a creative analytic exercise 316

EXERCISE 12.2 Theorizing via bracketing, abduction, metaphor, and explaining 317

Types of tales: realist, impressionistic/poetic, confessional/autoethnographic 318

The realist tale 318

Creative, impressionist, and poetic tales 319

The confessional tale 321

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 12.1 Poetic inquiry 322

CONSIDER THIS 12.1 Speculative fiction 323

EXERCISE 12.3 Accidental rewrites 324

Key puzzle pieces of a qualitative essay 324

Writing the framing material: title, abstract, key words 326

Writing the introduction, the literature review, and the conceptual framework 326

Writing the research questions and purposes 327

Writing the research methodology and method(s) 328

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 12.2 Methods data display 329

Findings and analysis: choosing an organizational approach 330

Themes/topics 330

Chronology/life-story 331

Convergence/braided narrative 331

Puzzle explication strategy 332

Separated text 333

Layered/messy texts 333

EXERCISE 12.4 Which writing strategy? 334

Implications, conclusions, limitations, and future directions 334

EXERCISE 12.5 Synthesizing implications simply and meaningfully 335

In summary 339

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 12 Article format model 340

13 Drafting, polishing, and publishing 343

Writing as a method of inquiry 345

How to write and format qualitative research 346

Choosing the research materials 346

Rich, luminous, and thick representations 347

Structuring the data in sections, paragraphs, and sentences 348

EXERCISE 13.1 Writing from different perspectives and verb tenses 349

Formatting qualitative work 350

Visual representations and art 352

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 13.1 Visual representation 354

Setting yourself up for success by considering the audience first 355

Submitting, revising, and resubmitting for journal publication 356

TIPS AND TOOLS 13.1 National or international journals that have published qualitative communication research (an incomplete list) 357

Writing as practice: creating good habits and overcoming challenges 360

How to write a lot 360

Addressing common challenges in qualitative writing 362

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 366

In summary 366

PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 13 Empirical qualitative research essay 368

14 Qualitative methodology matters: Exiting and communicating impact 369

Navigating exit and research disengagement 370

Give notice and say goodbye 371

Exits can be emotional 371

Don't spoil the scene 372

Give back 372

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 14.1 Thank you note 373

Ethically delivering the findings 374

TIPS AND TOOLS 14.1 Best practices for returning the findings 374

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 375

Public scholarship: crafting representations that move beyond the scholarly essay 376

Public scholarship 376

Staged performances 377

RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 14.2 Staged performance with impact 378

Digital representations 379

White papers and translated essays 380

Grant applications and reports 381

TIPS AND TOOLS 14.2 White papers 382

Professional consulting and private-sector qualitative research 384

Media relations 384

EXERCISE 14.1 Six-word stories 385

Web presence 386

Warning: doing research that matters can be terrifying 388

Overcoming lingering obstacles to public scholarship 389

EXERCISE 14.2 Making an impact via public scholarship 391

FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 391

In summary 393

Appendix A Fieldnote 394

Appendix B Focus group guide 396

Appendix C Interview/focus group excerpts with different levels of transcription detail 400

References 404

Index 431
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
qualitative research methods; qualitative research textbook; qualitative research intro; qualitative research guide; qualitative research techniques; qualitative research analysis; qualitative data; qualitative research projects; qualitative model