Principles of Laser Materials Processing
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Principles of Laser Materials Processing
Developments and Applications
Kannatey-Asibu, Elijah
John Wiley & Sons Inc
03/2023
608
Dura
Inglês
9781119881605
15 a 20 dias
666
Descrição não disponível.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxiii
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxv
PART I PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL LASERS 1
1 Laser Background 3
1.1 Laser Generation 3
1.2 Optical Resonators 12
1.3 Laser Pumping 21
1.4 System Levels 24
1.5 Broadening Mechanisms 26
1.6 Beam Modification 29
1.7 Beam Characteristics 35
1.8 Summary 43
2 Types of Lasers 55
2.1 Solid-State Lasers 55
2.2 Gas Lasers 57
2.3 Semiconductor (Diode) Lasers 69
2.4 New Developments in Industrial Laser Technology 80
2.5 Summary 89
3 Beam Delivery 95
3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 95
3.2 Birefringence 96
3.3 Brewster Angle 96
3.4 Polarization 98
3.5 Beam Expanders 101
3.6 Beam Splitters 102
3.7 Beam Delivery Systems 103
3.8 Beam Shaping 116
3.9 Summary 125
PART II ENGINEERING BACKGROUND 133
4 Heat and Fluid Flow 135
4.1 Energy Balance During Processing 135
4.2 Heat Flow in the Workpiece 136
4.3 Fluid Flow in Molten Pool 156
4.4 Summary 161
5 The Microstructure 175
5.1 Process Microstructure 175
5.2 Discontinuities 195
5.3 Summary 202
6 Solidification 209
6.1 Solidification Without Flow 209
6.2 Solidification with Flow 216
6.3 Rapid Solidification 221
6.4 Summary 222
7 Residual Stresses and Distortion 227
7.1 Causes of Residual Stresses 227
7.2 Basic Stress Analysis 232
7.3 Effects of Residual Stresses 237
7.4 Measurement of Residual Stresses 240
7.5 Relief of Residual Stresses and Distortion 250
7.6 Summary 252
PART III LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING 261
8 Background on Laser Processing 263
8.1 System-Related Parameters 263
8.2 Process Efficiency 272
8.3 Disturbances That Affect Process Quality 274
8.4 General Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Processing 275
8.5 Summary 275
9 Laser Cutting and Drilling 279
9.1 Laser Cutting 279
9.2 Laser Drilling 308
9.3 New Developments 318
9.4 Summary 326
10 Laser Welding 335
10.1 Laser Welding Parameters 335
10.2 Welding Efficiency 344
10.3 Mechanism of Laser Welding 344
10.4 Material Considerations 355
10.5 Weldment Discontinuities 359
10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Welding 360
10.7 Special Techniques 360
10.8 Specific Applications 371
10.9 Summary 382
11 Laser Surface Modification 391
11.1 Laser Surface Heat Treatment 391
11.2 Laser Surface Melting 413
11.3 Laser Direct Metal Deposition 414
11.4 Laser Physical Vapor Deposition (LPVD) 419
11.5 Laser Shock Peening 420
11.6 Laser Texturing 427
11.7 Summary 429
12 Laser Forming 437
12.1 Principle of Laser Forming 437
12.2 Process Parameters 439
12.3 Laser-Forming Mechanisms 439
12.4 Process Analysis 443
12.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 447
12.6 Applications 448
12.7 Summary 448
13 Additive Manufacturing 453
13.1 Computer-Aided Design 453
13.2 Part Building 462
13.3 Post-Processing 477
13.4 Applications 478
13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 480
13.6 Summary 480
14 Medical and Nanotechnology Applications of Lasers 485
14.1 Medical Applications 485
14.2 Nanotechnology Applications 490
14.3 Summary 494
15 Sensors for Process Monitoring 497
15.1 Laser Beam Monitoring 497
15.2 Process Monitoring 504
15.3 Summary 522
16 Processing of Sensor Outputs 527
16.1 Signal Transformation 527
16.2 Data Reduction 532
16.3 Pattern Classification 534
16.4 Summary 550
17 Laser Safety 557
17.1 Laser Hazards 557
17.2 Laser Classification 562
17.3 Preventing Laser Accidents 563
17.4 Summary 569
Appendix 17.A 571
Problem 572
Bibliography 572
Index 573
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxiii
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxv
PART I PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL LASERS 1
1 Laser Background 3
1.1 Laser Generation 3
1.2 Optical Resonators 12
1.3 Laser Pumping 21
1.4 System Levels 24
1.5 Broadening Mechanisms 26
1.6 Beam Modification 29
1.7 Beam Characteristics 35
1.8 Summary 43
2 Types of Lasers 55
2.1 Solid-State Lasers 55
2.2 Gas Lasers 57
2.3 Semiconductor (Diode) Lasers 69
2.4 New Developments in Industrial Laser Technology 80
2.5 Summary 89
3 Beam Delivery 95
3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 95
3.2 Birefringence 96
3.3 Brewster Angle 96
3.4 Polarization 98
3.5 Beam Expanders 101
3.6 Beam Splitters 102
3.7 Beam Delivery Systems 103
3.8 Beam Shaping 116
3.9 Summary 125
PART II ENGINEERING BACKGROUND 133
4 Heat and Fluid Flow 135
4.1 Energy Balance During Processing 135
4.2 Heat Flow in the Workpiece 136
4.3 Fluid Flow in Molten Pool 156
4.4 Summary 161
5 The Microstructure 175
5.1 Process Microstructure 175
5.2 Discontinuities 195
5.3 Summary 202
6 Solidification 209
6.1 Solidification Without Flow 209
6.2 Solidification with Flow 216
6.3 Rapid Solidification 221
6.4 Summary 222
7 Residual Stresses and Distortion 227
7.1 Causes of Residual Stresses 227
7.2 Basic Stress Analysis 232
7.3 Effects of Residual Stresses 237
7.4 Measurement of Residual Stresses 240
7.5 Relief of Residual Stresses and Distortion 250
7.6 Summary 252
PART III LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING 261
8 Background on Laser Processing 263
8.1 System-Related Parameters 263
8.2 Process Efficiency 272
8.3 Disturbances That Affect Process Quality 274
8.4 General Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Processing 275
8.5 Summary 275
9 Laser Cutting and Drilling 279
9.1 Laser Cutting 279
9.2 Laser Drilling 308
9.3 New Developments 318
9.4 Summary 326
10 Laser Welding 335
10.1 Laser Welding Parameters 335
10.2 Welding Efficiency 344
10.3 Mechanism of Laser Welding 344
10.4 Material Considerations 355
10.5 Weldment Discontinuities 359
10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Welding 360
10.7 Special Techniques 360
10.8 Specific Applications 371
10.9 Summary 382
11 Laser Surface Modification 391
11.1 Laser Surface Heat Treatment 391
11.2 Laser Surface Melting 413
11.3 Laser Direct Metal Deposition 414
11.4 Laser Physical Vapor Deposition (LPVD) 419
11.5 Laser Shock Peening 420
11.6 Laser Texturing 427
11.7 Summary 429
12 Laser Forming 437
12.1 Principle of Laser Forming 437
12.2 Process Parameters 439
12.3 Laser-Forming Mechanisms 439
12.4 Process Analysis 443
12.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 447
12.6 Applications 448
12.7 Summary 448
13 Additive Manufacturing 453
13.1 Computer-Aided Design 453
13.2 Part Building 462
13.3 Post-Processing 477
13.4 Applications 478
13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 480
13.6 Summary 480
14 Medical and Nanotechnology Applications of Lasers 485
14.1 Medical Applications 485
14.2 Nanotechnology Applications 490
14.3 Summary 494
15 Sensors for Process Monitoring 497
15.1 Laser Beam Monitoring 497
15.2 Process Monitoring 504
15.3 Summary 522
16 Processing of Sensor Outputs 527
16.1 Signal Transformation 527
16.2 Data Reduction 532
16.3 Pattern Classification 534
16.4 Summary 550
17 Laser Safety 557
17.1 Laser Hazards 557
17.2 Laser Classification 562
17.3 Preventing Laser Accidents 563
17.4 Summary 569
Appendix 17.A 571
Problem 572
Bibliography 572
Index 573
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laser cutting; laser drilling; laser welding; laser surface modification; laser forming; laser safety; laser research; laser technology; laser generation principles; additive manufacturing
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxiii
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxv
PART I PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL LASERS 1
1 Laser Background 3
1.1 Laser Generation 3
1.2 Optical Resonators 12
1.3 Laser Pumping 21
1.4 System Levels 24
1.5 Broadening Mechanisms 26
1.6 Beam Modification 29
1.7 Beam Characteristics 35
1.8 Summary 43
2 Types of Lasers 55
2.1 Solid-State Lasers 55
2.2 Gas Lasers 57
2.3 Semiconductor (Diode) Lasers 69
2.4 New Developments in Industrial Laser Technology 80
2.5 Summary 89
3 Beam Delivery 95
3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 95
3.2 Birefringence 96
3.3 Brewster Angle 96
3.4 Polarization 98
3.5 Beam Expanders 101
3.6 Beam Splitters 102
3.7 Beam Delivery Systems 103
3.8 Beam Shaping 116
3.9 Summary 125
PART II ENGINEERING BACKGROUND 133
4 Heat and Fluid Flow 135
4.1 Energy Balance During Processing 135
4.2 Heat Flow in the Workpiece 136
4.3 Fluid Flow in Molten Pool 156
4.4 Summary 161
5 The Microstructure 175
5.1 Process Microstructure 175
5.2 Discontinuities 195
5.3 Summary 202
6 Solidification 209
6.1 Solidification Without Flow 209
6.2 Solidification with Flow 216
6.3 Rapid Solidification 221
6.4 Summary 222
7 Residual Stresses and Distortion 227
7.1 Causes of Residual Stresses 227
7.2 Basic Stress Analysis 232
7.3 Effects of Residual Stresses 237
7.4 Measurement of Residual Stresses 240
7.5 Relief of Residual Stresses and Distortion 250
7.6 Summary 252
PART III LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING 261
8 Background on Laser Processing 263
8.1 System-Related Parameters 263
8.2 Process Efficiency 272
8.3 Disturbances That Affect Process Quality 274
8.4 General Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Processing 275
8.5 Summary 275
9 Laser Cutting and Drilling 279
9.1 Laser Cutting 279
9.2 Laser Drilling 308
9.3 New Developments 318
9.4 Summary 326
10 Laser Welding 335
10.1 Laser Welding Parameters 335
10.2 Welding Efficiency 344
10.3 Mechanism of Laser Welding 344
10.4 Material Considerations 355
10.5 Weldment Discontinuities 359
10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Welding 360
10.7 Special Techniques 360
10.8 Specific Applications 371
10.9 Summary 382
11 Laser Surface Modification 391
11.1 Laser Surface Heat Treatment 391
11.2 Laser Surface Melting 413
11.3 Laser Direct Metal Deposition 414
11.4 Laser Physical Vapor Deposition (LPVD) 419
11.5 Laser Shock Peening 420
11.6 Laser Texturing 427
11.7 Summary 429
12 Laser Forming 437
12.1 Principle of Laser Forming 437
12.2 Process Parameters 439
12.3 Laser-Forming Mechanisms 439
12.4 Process Analysis 443
12.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 447
12.6 Applications 448
12.7 Summary 448
13 Additive Manufacturing 453
13.1 Computer-Aided Design 453
13.2 Part Building 462
13.3 Post-Processing 477
13.4 Applications 478
13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 480
13.6 Summary 480
14 Medical and Nanotechnology Applications of Lasers 485
14.1 Medical Applications 485
14.2 Nanotechnology Applications 490
14.3 Summary 494
15 Sensors for Process Monitoring 497
15.1 Laser Beam Monitoring 497
15.2 Process Monitoring 504
15.3 Summary 522
16 Processing of Sensor Outputs 527
16.1 Signal Transformation 527
16.2 Data Reduction 532
16.3 Pattern Classification 534
16.4 Summary 550
17 Laser Safety 557
17.1 Laser Hazards 557
17.2 Laser Classification 562
17.3 Preventing Laser Accidents 563
17.4 Summary 569
Appendix 17.A 571
Problem 572
Bibliography 572
Index 573
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxiii
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxv
PART I PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL LASERS 1
1 Laser Background 3
1.1 Laser Generation 3
1.2 Optical Resonators 12
1.3 Laser Pumping 21
1.4 System Levels 24
1.5 Broadening Mechanisms 26
1.6 Beam Modification 29
1.7 Beam Characteristics 35
1.8 Summary 43
2 Types of Lasers 55
2.1 Solid-State Lasers 55
2.2 Gas Lasers 57
2.3 Semiconductor (Diode) Lasers 69
2.4 New Developments in Industrial Laser Technology 80
2.5 Summary 89
3 Beam Delivery 95
3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 95
3.2 Birefringence 96
3.3 Brewster Angle 96
3.4 Polarization 98
3.5 Beam Expanders 101
3.6 Beam Splitters 102
3.7 Beam Delivery Systems 103
3.8 Beam Shaping 116
3.9 Summary 125
PART II ENGINEERING BACKGROUND 133
4 Heat and Fluid Flow 135
4.1 Energy Balance During Processing 135
4.2 Heat Flow in the Workpiece 136
4.3 Fluid Flow in Molten Pool 156
4.4 Summary 161
5 The Microstructure 175
5.1 Process Microstructure 175
5.2 Discontinuities 195
5.3 Summary 202
6 Solidification 209
6.1 Solidification Without Flow 209
6.2 Solidification with Flow 216
6.3 Rapid Solidification 221
6.4 Summary 222
7 Residual Stresses and Distortion 227
7.1 Causes of Residual Stresses 227
7.2 Basic Stress Analysis 232
7.3 Effects of Residual Stresses 237
7.4 Measurement of Residual Stresses 240
7.5 Relief of Residual Stresses and Distortion 250
7.6 Summary 252
PART III LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING 261
8 Background on Laser Processing 263
8.1 System-Related Parameters 263
8.2 Process Efficiency 272
8.3 Disturbances That Affect Process Quality 274
8.4 General Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Processing 275
8.5 Summary 275
9 Laser Cutting and Drilling 279
9.1 Laser Cutting 279
9.2 Laser Drilling 308
9.3 New Developments 318
9.4 Summary 326
10 Laser Welding 335
10.1 Laser Welding Parameters 335
10.2 Welding Efficiency 344
10.3 Mechanism of Laser Welding 344
10.4 Material Considerations 355
10.5 Weldment Discontinuities 359
10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Welding 360
10.7 Special Techniques 360
10.8 Specific Applications 371
10.9 Summary 382
11 Laser Surface Modification 391
11.1 Laser Surface Heat Treatment 391
11.2 Laser Surface Melting 413
11.3 Laser Direct Metal Deposition 414
11.4 Laser Physical Vapor Deposition (LPVD) 419
11.5 Laser Shock Peening 420
11.6 Laser Texturing 427
11.7 Summary 429
12 Laser Forming 437
12.1 Principle of Laser Forming 437
12.2 Process Parameters 439
12.3 Laser-Forming Mechanisms 439
12.4 Process Analysis 443
12.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 447
12.6 Applications 448
12.7 Summary 448
13 Additive Manufacturing 453
13.1 Computer-Aided Design 453
13.2 Part Building 462
13.3 Post-Processing 477
13.4 Applications 478
13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 480
13.6 Summary 480
14 Medical and Nanotechnology Applications of Lasers 485
14.1 Medical Applications 485
14.2 Nanotechnology Applications 490
14.3 Summary 494
15 Sensors for Process Monitoring 497
15.1 Laser Beam Monitoring 497
15.2 Process Monitoring 504
15.3 Summary 522
16 Processing of Sensor Outputs 527
16.1 Signal Transformation 527
16.2 Data Reduction 532
16.3 Pattern Classification 534
16.4 Summary 550
17 Laser Safety 557
17.1 Laser Hazards 557
17.2 Laser Classification 562
17.3 Preventing Laser Accidents 563
17.4 Summary 569
Appendix 17.A 571
Problem 572
Bibliography 572
Index 573
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
