Navigating English Grammar
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Navigating English Grammar
A Guide to Analyzing Real Language
Denham, Kristin; Lobeck, Anne
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
11/2024
288
Mole
Inglês
9781119944430
Pré-lançamento - envio 15 a 20 dias após a sua edição
Descrição não disponível.
Dedication v
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 What is Grammar and How Do We Study It? 1
Introduction 1
What is English? Language Change and Variation 3
What is Grammar? 5
Prescriptive grammar 5
Descriptive grammar 9
The Components of Grammar 10
Syntax 11
Morphology 13
Derivational affixation 14
Inflectional affixation 14
Analytic and synthetic languages 15
Word formation rules 16
Semantics 16
Phonetics and phonology 19
Summary 20
Exercises 21
2 Nouns 25
Introduction 25
Semantic Distinctions Among Nouns 26
Abstract and concrete 26
Common and proper 27
Count and mass 28
Collective nouns 30
Generic nouns 31
Noun Morphology 32
Inflectional affixation 33
Plurals 33
Possessives 34
Derivational affixation 36
Other ways we form nouns 37
Summary 38
Exercises 38
3 Noun Phrases 43
Introduction 43
Categories that Precede Nouns 44
Determiners 44
Noun phrases without determiners 47
Numerals 48
Quantifiers 49
Order of D, NUM, and Q 51
Partitive, Measure, and Collective Noun Phrases 53
Possessive Noun Phrases 54
NP or N: Pronoun substitution 55
Modifiers of Nouns 57
Adjectives that modify nouns 57
Nouns that modify nouns 59
Verbs that modify nouns 61
Summary 63
Exercises 63
4 Verbs 67
Introduction 67
Main Verbs 68
Main Verb Morphology 69
Derivational affixation and other ways we form verbs 69
Inflectional affixation 70
Infinitives 70
Present tense 73
Past tense 75
What about future tense? 77
Present and past participles 78
Suppletion 79
Summary 80
Exercises 81
5 Verb Phrases 85
Introduction 85
Auxiliary Verbs 86
Auxiliary have 86
Auxiliary be 87
Main verb have 87
Main verb be 88
Modals 89
Semi- modals 91
Verb Strings with Auxiliaries and Modals 91
Aspect 92
Progressive aspect 93
Perfect aspect 94
Habitual aspect 96
Passive Voice and the Passive Verb String 97
Summary 99
Exercises 99
6 The Clause 103
Introduction 103
The Independent Clause 104
The subject position 105
Subjects of passive sentences 106
Pleonastic subjects 106
The complement position 110
The Tense position 113
Subject-auxiliary inversion 114
Tag question formation 115
Negation 116
Diagramming Verb Strings 118
Do Insertion 120
Main verb be raising 122
Summary 123
Exercises 124
7 Adjectives 129
Introduction 129
Adjective Semantics 130
Adjective Morphology 132
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adjectives 132
Participial adjectives 133
Inflectional affixation: comparative and superlative adjectives 134
Adjective Syntax 135
Modifiers of adjectives 136
The degree word test for adjective phrases 137
Adjective phrase positions 139
Adjective phrases as prenominal and postnominal modifiers of nouns 139
Adjective phrases as subjective complements 141
Other subjective complements: NP and PP 142
Direct objects versus subjective complements 143
The seem test for adjective phrases 144
Summary 146
Exercises 146
8 Adverbs 151
Introduction 151
Adverb Semantics 152
Adverb Morphology 153
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adverbs 153
Flat adverbs 154
Inflectional affixation 155
Adverb Syntax 155
Modifiers of adverbs 155
Adverb phrase positions 158
Adverb phrases as modifiers in AP, NP, and PP 159
Adverb phrases as complements 161
More on Modifiers 161
Summary 162
Exercises 162
9 Prepositions and Particles 167
Introduction 167
Preposition Semantics 168
Preposition Morphology 170
Preposition Syntax 171
Complements of prepositions 171
Objects of prepositions 171
Other complements of prepositions 172
Modifiers of prepositions 173
Prepositional phrases as modifiers and complements 174
PP modifiers of nouns 174
PP modifiers of verbs and clauses 175
PPs as complements 176
Indirect object complements 178
Particles 182
Particle semantics 182
Particle syntax 183
Summary 186
Exercises 187
10 Coordination and Subordination 191
Introduction 191
Coordination 192
Subordination 195
Clauses and sentences 196
Subordinate Clause Types 198
Tensed clause complements 200
Bare infinitival clause complements 203
To- infinitive clause complements 206
Participial clause complements 208
Wh- clause complements 209
Summary 210
Exercises 211
11 More on Modification 219
Introduction 219
Clauses that Modify Nouns: Relative Clauses 220
Restrictive relative clauses 220
Tensed, reduced, and infinitival relative clauses 223
Nonrestrictive relative clauses 226
Headless relative clauses 227
Appositive NPs 228
Movable Modifiers 229
Movable AdvP modifiers 229
Movable PP modifiers 229
Movable NP modifiers 230
Movable AP modifiers 230
Movable VP modifiers 231
Movable CL modifiers 231
Summary 232
Exercises 233
12 Navigating and Analyzing: Review 239
Introduction 240
Syntactic Categories 240
Complementation 241
Complements of verbs 242
NP complements of verbs 242
AP complements of verbs 243
AdvP complements of verbs 243
PP complements of verbs 243
VP complements of verbs 243
Clause complements of verbs 244
Complements of adjectives 244
Complements of prepositions 244
Complements of nouns 245
Modification 245
Modifiers of nouns 246
Modifiers of adjectives 246
Modifiers of adverbs 247
Modifiers of prepositions 247
Modifiers of verbs 247
Modifiers of clauses: Movable modifiers 247
Subordination 248
Coordination 250
Summary 250
Practice and Review 251
References 255
Index 257
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 What is Grammar and How Do We Study It? 1
Introduction 1
What is English? Language Change and Variation 3
What is Grammar? 5
Prescriptive grammar 5
Descriptive grammar 9
The Components of Grammar 10
Syntax 11
Morphology 13
Derivational affixation 14
Inflectional affixation 14
Analytic and synthetic languages 15
Word formation rules 16
Semantics 16
Phonetics and phonology 19
Summary 20
Exercises 21
2 Nouns 25
Introduction 25
Semantic Distinctions Among Nouns 26
Abstract and concrete 26
Common and proper 27
Count and mass 28
Collective nouns 30
Generic nouns 31
Noun Morphology 32
Inflectional affixation 33
Plurals 33
Possessives 34
Derivational affixation 36
Other ways we form nouns 37
Summary 38
Exercises 38
3 Noun Phrases 43
Introduction 43
Categories that Precede Nouns 44
Determiners 44
Noun phrases without determiners 47
Numerals 48
Quantifiers 49
Order of D, NUM, and Q 51
Partitive, Measure, and Collective Noun Phrases 53
Possessive Noun Phrases 54
NP or N: Pronoun substitution 55
Modifiers of Nouns 57
Adjectives that modify nouns 57
Nouns that modify nouns 59
Verbs that modify nouns 61
Summary 63
Exercises 63
4 Verbs 67
Introduction 67
Main Verbs 68
Main Verb Morphology 69
Derivational affixation and other ways we form verbs 69
Inflectional affixation 70
Infinitives 70
Present tense 73
Past tense 75
What about future tense? 77
Present and past participles 78
Suppletion 79
Summary 80
Exercises 81
5 Verb Phrases 85
Introduction 85
Auxiliary Verbs 86
Auxiliary have 86
Auxiliary be 87
Main verb have 87
Main verb be 88
Modals 89
Semi- modals 91
Verb Strings with Auxiliaries and Modals 91
Aspect 92
Progressive aspect 93
Perfect aspect 94
Habitual aspect 96
Passive Voice and the Passive Verb String 97
Summary 99
Exercises 99
6 The Clause 103
Introduction 103
The Independent Clause 104
The subject position 105
Subjects of passive sentences 106
Pleonastic subjects 106
The complement position 110
The Tense position 113
Subject-auxiliary inversion 114
Tag question formation 115
Negation 116
Diagramming Verb Strings 118
Do Insertion 120
Main verb be raising 122
Summary 123
Exercises 124
7 Adjectives 129
Introduction 129
Adjective Semantics 130
Adjective Morphology 132
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adjectives 132
Participial adjectives 133
Inflectional affixation: comparative and superlative adjectives 134
Adjective Syntax 135
Modifiers of adjectives 136
The degree word test for adjective phrases 137
Adjective phrase positions 139
Adjective phrases as prenominal and postnominal modifiers of nouns 139
Adjective phrases as subjective complements 141
Other subjective complements: NP and PP 142
Direct objects versus subjective complements 143
The seem test for adjective phrases 144
Summary 146
Exercises 146
8 Adverbs 151
Introduction 151
Adverb Semantics 152
Adverb Morphology 153
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adverbs 153
Flat adverbs 154
Inflectional affixation 155
Adverb Syntax 155
Modifiers of adverbs 155
Adverb phrase positions 158
Adverb phrases as modifiers in AP, NP, and PP 159
Adverb phrases as complements 161
More on Modifiers 161
Summary 162
Exercises 162
9 Prepositions and Particles 167
Introduction 167
Preposition Semantics 168
Preposition Morphology 170
Preposition Syntax 171
Complements of prepositions 171
Objects of prepositions 171
Other complements of prepositions 172
Modifiers of prepositions 173
Prepositional phrases as modifiers and complements 174
PP modifiers of nouns 174
PP modifiers of verbs and clauses 175
PPs as complements 176
Indirect object complements 178
Particles 182
Particle semantics 182
Particle syntax 183
Summary 186
Exercises 187
10 Coordination and Subordination 191
Introduction 191
Coordination 192
Subordination 195
Clauses and sentences 196
Subordinate Clause Types 198
Tensed clause complements 200
Bare infinitival clause complements 203
To- infinitive clause complements 206
Participial clause complements 208
Wh- clause complements 209
Summary 210
Exercises 211
11 More on Modification 219
Introduction 219
Clauses that Modify Nouns: Relative Clauses 220
Restrictive relative clauses 220
Tensed, reduced, and infinitival relative clauses 223
Nonrestrictive relative clauses 226
Headless relative clauses 227
Appositive NPs 228
Movable Modifiers 229
Movable AdvP modifiers 229
Movable PP modifiers 229
Movable NP modifiers 230
Movable AP modifiers 230
Movable VP modifiers 231
Movable CL modifiers 231
Summary 232
Exercises 233
12 Navigating and Analyzing: Review 239
Introduction 240
Syntactic Categories 240
Complementation 241
Complements of verbs 242
NP complements of verbs 242
AP complements of verbs 243
AdvP complements of verbs 243
PP complements of verbs 243
VP complements of verbs 243
Clause complements of verbs 244
Complements of adjectives 244
Complements of prepositions 244
Complements of nouns 245
Modification 245
Modifiers of nouns 246
Modifiers of adjectives 246
Modifiers of adverbs 247
Modifiers of prepositions 247
Modifiers of verbs 247
Modifiers of clauses: Movable modifiers 247
Subordination 248
Coordination 250
Summary 250
Practice and Review 251
References 255
Index 257
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English grammar undergraduate textbook; English grammatical analysis textbook; English grammatical structure textbook; linguistic theory textbook; English linguistic analysis; English grammar undergraduate introduction; English grammar linguistics
Dedication v
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 What is Grammar and How Do We Study It? 1
Introduction 1
What is English? Language Change and Variation 3
What is Grammar? 5
Prescriptive grammar 5
Descriptive grammar 9
The Components of Grammar 10
Syntax 11
Morphology 13
Derivational affixation 14
Inflectional affixation 14
Analytic and synthetic languages 15
Word formation rules 16
Semantics 16
Phonetics and phonology 19
Summary 20
Exercises 21
2 Nouns 25
Introduction 25
Semantic Distinctions Among Nouns 26
Abstract and concrete 26
Common and proper 27
Count and mass 28
Collective nouns 30
Generic nouns 31
Noun Morphology 32
Inflectional affixation 33
Plurals 33
Possessives 34
Derivational affixation 36
Other ways we form nouns 37
Summary 38
Exercises 38
3 Noun Phrases 43
Introduction 43
Categories that Precede Nouns 44
Determiners 44
Noun phrases without determiners 47
Numerals 48
Quantifiers 49
Order of D, NUM, and Q 51
Partitive, Measure, and Collective Noun Phrases 53
Possessive Noun Phrases 54
NP or N: Pronoun substitution 55
Modifiers of Nouns 57
Adjectives that modify nouns 57
Nouns that modify nouns 59
Verbs that modify nouns 61
Summary 63
Exercises 63
4 Verbs 67
Introduction 67
Main Verbs 68
Main Verb Morphology 69
Derivational affixation and other ways we form verbs 69
Inflectional affixation 70
Infinitives 70
Present tense 73
Past tense 75
What about future tense? 77
Present and past participles 78
Suppletion 79
Summary 80
Exercises 81
5 Verb Phrases 85
Introduction 85
Auxiliary Verbs 86
Auxiliary have 86
Auxiliary be 87
Main verb have 87
Main verb be 88
Modals 89
Semi- modals 91
Verb Strings with Auxiliaries and Modals 91
Aspect 92
Progressive aspect 93
Perfect aspect 94
Habitual aspect 96
Passive Voice and the Passive Verb String 97
Summary 99
Exercises 99
6 The Clause 103
Introduction 103
The Independent Clause 104
The subject position 105
Subjects of passive sentences 106
Pleonastic subjects 106
The complement position 110
The Tense position 113
Subject-auxiliary inversion 114
Tag question formation 115
Negation 116
Diagramming Verb Strings 118
Do Insertion 120
Main verb be raising 122
Summary 123
Exercises 124
7 Adjectives 129
Introduction 129
Adjective Semantics 130
Adjective Morphology 132
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adjectives 132
Participial adjectives 133
Inflectional affixation: comparative and superlative adjectives 134
Adjective Syntax 135
Modifiers of adjectives 136
The degree word test for adjective phrases 137
Adjective phrase positions 139
Adjective phrases as prenominal and postnominal modifiers of nouns 139
Adjective phrases as subjective complements 141
Other subjective complements: NP and PP 142
Direct objects versus subjective complements 143
The seem test for adjective phrases 144
Summary 146
Exercises 146
8 Adverbs 151
Introduction 151
Adverb Semantics 152
Adverb Morphology 153
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adverbs 153
Flat adverbs 154
Inflectional affixation 155
Adverb Syntax 155
Modifiers of adverbs 155
Adverb phrase positions 158
Adverb phrases as modifiers in AP, NP, and PP 159
Adverb phrases as complements 161
More on Modifiers 161
Summary 162
Exercises 162
9 Prepositions and Particles 167
Introduction 167
Preposition Semantics 168
Preposition Morphology 170
Preposition Syntax 171
Complements of prepositions 171
Objects of prepositions 171
Other complements of prepositions 172
Modifiers of prepositions 173
Prepositional phrases as modifiers and complements 174
PP modifiers of nouns 174
PP modifiers of verbs and clauses 175
PPs as complements 176
Indirect object complements 178
Particles 182
Particle semantics 182
Particle syntax 183
Summary 186
Exercises 187
10 Coordination and Subordination 191
Introduction 191
Coordination 192
Subordination 195
Clauses and sentences 196
Subordinate Clause Types 198
Tensed clause complements 200
Bare infinitival clause complements 203
To- infinitive clause complements 206
Participial clause complements 208
Wh- clause complements 209
Summary 210
Exercises 211
11 More on Modification 219
Introduction 219
Clauses that Modify Nouns: Relative Clauses 220
Restrictive relative clauses 220
Tensed, reduced, and infinitival relative clauses 223
Nonrestrictive relative clauses 226
Headless relative clauses 227
Appositive NPs 228
Movable Modifiers 229
Movable AdvP modifiers 229
Movable PP modifiers 229
Movable NP modifiers 230
Movable AP modifiers 230
Movable VP modifiers 231
Movable CL modifiers 231
Summary 232
Exercises 233
12 Navigating and Analyzing: Review 239
Introduction 240
Syntactic Categories 240
Complementation 241
Complements of verbs 242
NP complements of verbs 242
AP complements of verbs 243
AdvP complements of verbs 243
PP complements of verbs 243
VP complements of verbs 243
Clause complements of verbs 244
Complements of adjectives 244
Complements of prepositions 244
Complements of nouns 245
Modification 245
Modifiers of nouns 246
Modifiers of adjectives 246
Modifiers of adverbs 247
Modifiers of prepositions 247
Modifiers of verbs 247
Modifiers of clauses: Movable modifiers 247
Subordination 248
Coordination 250
Summary 250
Practice and Review 251
References 255
Index 257
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 What is Grammar and How Do We Study It? 1
Introduction 1
What is English? Language Change and Variation 3
What is Grammar? 5
Prescriptive grammar 5
Descriptive grammar 9
The Components of Grammar 10
Syntax 11
Morphology 13
Derivational affixation 14
Inflectional affixation 14
Analytic and synthetic languages 15
Word formation rules 16
Semantics 16
Phonetics and phonology 19
Summary 20
Exercises 21
2 Nouns 25
Introduction 25
Semantic Distinctions Among Nouns 26
Abstract and concrete 26
Common and proper 27
Count and mass 28
Collective nouns 30
Generic nouns 31
Noun Morphology 32
Inflectional affixation 33
Plurals 33
Possessives 34
Derivational affixation 36
Other ways we form nouns 37
Summary 38
Exercises 38
3 Noun Phrases 43
Introduction 43
Categories that Precede Nouns 44
Determiners 44
Noun phrases without determiners 47
Numerals 48
Quantifiers 49
Order of D, NUM, and Q 51
Partitive, Measure, and Collective Noun Phrases 53
Possessive Noun Phrases 54
NP or N: Pronoun substitution 55
Modifiers of Nouns 57
Adjectives that modify nouns 57
Nouns that modify nouns 59
Verbs that modify nouns 61
Summary 63
Exercises 63
4 Verbs 67
Introduction 67
Main Verbs 68
Main Verb Morphology 69
Derivational affixation and other ways we form verbs 69
Inflectional affixation 70
Infinitives 70
Present tense 73
Past tense 75
What about future tense? 77
Present and past participles 78
Suppletion 79
Summary 80
Exercises 81
5 Verb Phrases 85
Introduction 85
Auxiliary Verbs 86
Auxiliary have 86
Auxiliary be 87
Main verb have 87
Main verb be 88
Modals 89
Semi- modals 91
Verb Strings with Auxiliaries and Modals 91
Aspect 92
Progressive aspect 93
Perfect aspect 94
Habitual aspect 96
Passive Voice and the Passive Verb String 97
Summary 99
Exercises 99
6 The Clause 103
Introduction 103
The Independent Clause 104
The subject position 105
Subjects of passive sentences 106
Pleonastic subjects 106
The complement position 110
The Tense position 113
Subject-auxiliary inversion 114
Tag question formation 115
Negation 116
Diagramming Verb Strings 118
Do Insertion 120
Main verb be raising 122
Summary 123
Exercises 124
7 Adjectives 129
Introduction 129
Adjective Semantics 130
Adjective Morphology 132
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adjectives 132
Participial adjectives 133
Inflectional affixation: comparative and superlative adjectives 134
Adjective Syntax 135
Modifiers of adjectives 136
The degree word test for adjective phrases 137
Adjective phrase positions 139
Adjective phrases as prenominal and postnominal modifiers of nouns 139
Adjective phrases as subjective complements 141
Other subjective complements: NP and PP 142
Direct objects versus subjective complements 143
The seem test for adjective phrases 144
Summary 146
Exercises 146
8 Adverbs 151
Introduction 151
Adverb Semantics 152
Adverb Morphology 153
Derivational affixation and other ways we form adverbs 153
Flat adverbs 154
Inflectional affixation 155
Adverb Syntax 155
Modifiers of adverbs 155
Adverb phrase positions 158
Adverb phrases as modifiers in AP, NP, and PP 159
Adverb phrases as complements 161
More on Modifiers 161
Summary 162
Exercises 162
9 Prepositions and Particles 167
Introduction 167
Preposition Semantics 168
Preposition Morphology 170
Preposition Syntax 171
Complements of prepositions 171
Objects of prepositions 171
Other complements of prepositions 172
Modifiers of prepositions 173
Prepositional phrases as modifiers and complements 174
PP modifiers of nouns 174
PP modifiers of verbs and clauses 175
PPs as complements 176
Indirect object complements 178
Particles 182
Particle semantics 182
Particle syntax 183
Summary 186
Exercises 187
10 Coordination and Subordination 191
Introduction 191
Coordination 192
Subordination 195
Clauses and sentences 196
Subordinate Clause Types 198
Tensed clause complements 200
Bare infinitival clause complements 203
To- infinitive clause complements 206
Participial clause complements 208
Wh- clause complements 209
Summary 210
Exercises 211
11 More on Modification 219
Introduction 219
Clauses that Modify Nouns: Relative Clauses 220
Restrictive relative clauses 220
Tensed, reduced, and infinitival relative clauses 223
Nonrestrictive relative clauses 226
Headless relative clauses 227
Appositive NPs 228
Movable Modifiers 229
Movable AdvP modifiers 229
Movable PP modifiers 229
Movable NP modifiers 230
Movable AP modifiers 230
Movable VP modifiers 231
Movable CL modifiers 231
Summary 232
Exercises 233
12 Navigating and Analyzing: Review 239
Introduction 240
Syntactic Categories 240
Complementation 241
Complements of verbs 242
NP complements of verbs 242
AP complements of verbs 243
AdvP complements of verbs 243
PP complements of verbs 243
VP complements of verbs 243
Clause complements of verbs 244
Complements of adjectives 244
Complements of prepositions 244
Complements of nouns 245
Modification 245
Modifiers of nouns 246
Modifiers of adjectives 246
Modifiers of adverbs 247
Modifiers of prepositions 247
Modifiers of verbs 247
Modifiers of clauses: Movable modifiers 247
Subordination 248
Coordination 250
Summary 250
Practice and Review 251
References 255
Index 257
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