Hybridized Technologies for the Treatment of Mining Effluents
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Hybridized Technologies for the Treatment of Mining Effluents
Mamba, Bhekie B.; Fosso-Kankeu, Elvis
John Wiley & Sons Inc
08/2023
320
Dura
Inglês
9781119896425
15 a 20 dias
666
Descrição não disponível.
Preface xv
1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal 1
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Materials and Methods 4
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization 4
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents 5
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples 5
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 5
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments 6
1.3 Results and Discussion 10
1.3.1 Remediation Studies 10
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects 18
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD 23
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors 24
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples 26
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW 31
1.5 Limitation of the Study 33
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33
2 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange 41
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment 44
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology 44
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process 46
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials 48
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers 49
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments 51
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup 51
2.3.2 Column Loading Process 53
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone 56
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading) 57
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange 58
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations 59
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water 60
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives 60
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water 63
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments 65
2.4.4 Copper-Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process 69
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany 71
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges 73
3 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review 79
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage 80
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage 82
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 83
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology 84
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention 85
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD 85
3.6.1 Active Treatment 86
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation 86
3.6.3 Adsorption 86
3.6.4 Passive Treatment 87
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods 87
3.7 Conclusion 90
4 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment 95
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
4.1 Introduction 96
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods 97
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment 97
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process 104
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process 106
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology 107
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies 108
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies 110
4.3.1 Tailing Technology 110
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 111
5 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation 119
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage 121
5.2.1 Water Covers 122
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation 122
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control 124
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction 124
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 124
5.3.1 Active Treatment 125
5.3.2 Passive Treatment 128
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems 135
6 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc-Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales 147
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction 148
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn 151
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn 153
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2 Co3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents 155
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water 156
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2 Co3 Dosing 158
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2 Co3 Dosing 159
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors 162
6.4 Concluding Remarks 165
7 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process 177
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction 178
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water 178
7.1.2 Legislation 179
7.1.3 Ideal Solution 180
7.2 Objectives 180
7.3 Literature 181
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes 181
7.3.2 Solubilities 184
7.3.3 Pigment 185
7.4 Materials and Methods 185
7.4.1 Fe 2+ Oxidation 185
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO 3 , Na2 Co3 and MgO) 188
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe 3+ Removal 189
7.4.4 Inhibition 190
7.4.5 MgO/SiO 2 Separation 190
7.4.6 SiO 2 Removal 192
7.4.7 Pigment Formation 192
7.4.8 Analytical 192
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge 193
7.4.10 Oli 193
7.5 Results and Discussion 194
7.5.1 Chemical Composition 194
7.5.2 Biological Fe 2+ -Oxidation 194
7.5.3 CaCO 3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe 3+ and Remaining Metals 199
7.5.4 MgO and Na2 Co3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ 204
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization 216
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO 2 230
7.5.7 Si 4+ Removal from Solution 232
7.5.8 Fe(OH) 3 Purity and Pigment Formation 232
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility 236
7.6 Conclusions 238
8 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives 245
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage 247
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation 248
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation 250
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage 252
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage 253
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD 253
8.4.1 Physical Properties 253
8.4.2 Chemical Properties 254
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 254
8.6 AMD Abatement 256
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing 256
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers 257
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 257
8.6.4 Bacteria Control 257
8.6.5 Water Cover 257
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD 258
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD 258
8.7.2 Passive Treatment 260
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies 264
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment 266
8.7.5 Integrated Approach 267
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment 269
8.8.1 Adsorption 269
8.8.2 Precipitation 270
8.8.3 Ion Exchange 270
8.8.4 Bioadsorption 271
8.8.5 Filtration 271
8.8.6 Electrodialysis 272
8.8.7 Crystallization 272
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD 273
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment 274
8.11 Conclusion 275
References 275
Index 287
1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal 1
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Materials and Methods 4
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization 4
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents 5
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples 5
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 5
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments 6
1.3 Results and Discussion 10
1.3.1 Remediation Studies 10
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects 18
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD 23
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors 24
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples 26
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW 31
1.5 Limitation of the Study 33
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33
2 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange 41
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment 44
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology 44
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process 46
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials 48
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers 49
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments 51
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup 51
2.3.2 Column Loading Process 53
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone 56
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading) 57
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange 58
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations 59
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water 60
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives 60
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water 63
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments 65
2.4.4 Copper-Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process 69
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany 71
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges 73
3 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review 79
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage 80
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage 82
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 83
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology 84
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention 85
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD 85
3.6.1 Active Treatment 86
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation 86
3.6.3 Adsorption 86
3.6.4 Passive Treatment 87
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods 87
3.7 Conclusion 90
4 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment 95
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
4.1 Introduction 96
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods 97
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment 97
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process 104
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process 106
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology 107
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies 108
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies 110
4.3.1 Tailing Technology 110
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 111
5 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation 119
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage 121
5.2.1 Water Covers 122
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation 122
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control 124
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction 124
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 124
5.3.1 Active Treatment 125
5.3.2 Passive Treatment 128
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems 135
6 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc-Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales 147
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction 148
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn 151
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn 153
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2 Co3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents 155
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water 156
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2 Co3 Dosing 158
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2 Co3 Dosing 159
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors 162
6.4 Concluding Remarks 165
7 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process 177
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction 178
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water 178
7.1.2 Legislation 179
7.1.3 Ideal Solution 180
7.2 Objectives 180
7.3 Literature 181
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes 181
7.3.2 Solubilities 184
7.3.3 Pigment 185
7.4 Materials and Methods 185
7.4.1 Fe 2+ Oxidation 185
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO 3 , Na2 Co3 and MgO) 188
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe 3+ Removal 189
7.4.4 Inhibition 190
7.4.5 MgO/SiO 2 Separation 190
7.4.6 SiO 2 Removal 192
7.4.7 Pigment Formation 192
7.4.8 Analytical 192
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge 193
7.4.10 Oli 193
7.5 Results and Discussion 194
7.5.1 Chemical Composition 194
7.5.2 Biological Fe 2+ -Oxidation 194
7.5.3 CaCO 3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe 3+ and Remaining Metals 199
7.5.4 MgO and Na2 Co3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ 204
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization 216
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO 2 230
7.5.7 Si 4+ Removal from Solution 232
7.5.8 Fe(OH) 3 Purity and Pigment Formation 232
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility 236
7.6 Conclusions 238
8 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives 245
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage 247
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation 248
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation 250
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage 252
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage 253
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD 253
8.4.1 Physical Properties 253
8.4.2 Chemical Properties 254
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 254
8.6 AMD Abatement 256
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing 256
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers 257
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 257
8.6.4 Bacteria Control 257
8.6.5 Water Cover 257
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD 258
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD 258
8.7.2 Passive Treatment 260
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies 264
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment 266
8.7.5 Integrated Approach 267
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment 269
8.8.1 Adsorption 269
8.8.2 Precipitation 270
8.8.3 Ion Exchange 270
8.8.4 Bioadsorption 271
8.8.5 Filtration 271
8.8.6 Electrodialysis 272
8.8.7 Crystallization 272
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD 273
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment 274
8.11 Conclusion 275
References 275
Index 287
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
Acid mine drainage; phytoremediation; heavy metals from mining influenced water; mitigation of acid mine drainage form; recovery of drinking water; sustainability of emerging passive technologies and hybrid systems
Preface xv
1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal 1
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Materials and Methods 4
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization 4
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents 5
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples 5
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 5
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments 6
1.3 Results and Discussion 10
1.3.1 Remediation Studies 10
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects 18
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD 23
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors 24
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples 26
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW 31
1.5 Limitation of the Study 33
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33
2 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange 41
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment 44
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology 44
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process 46
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials 48
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers 49
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments 51
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup 51
2.3.2 Column Loading Process 53
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone 56
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading) 57
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange 58
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations 59
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water 60
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives 60
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water 63
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments 65
2.4.4 Copper-Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process 69
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany 71
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges 73
3 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review 79
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage 80
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage 82
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 83
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology 84
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention 85
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD 85
3.6.1 Active Treatment 86
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation 86
3.6.3 Adsorption 86
3.6.4 Passive Treatment 87
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods 87
3.7 Conclusion 90
4 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment 95
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
4.1 Introduction 96
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods 97
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment 97
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process 104
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process 106
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology 107
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies 108
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies 110
4.3.1 Tailing Technology 110
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 111
5 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation 119
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage 121
5.2.1 Water Covers 122
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation 122
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control 124
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction 124
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 124
5.3.1 Active Treatment 125
5.3.2 Passive Treatment 128
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems 135
6 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc-Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales 147
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction 148
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn 151
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn 153
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2 Co3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents 155
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water 156
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2 Co3 Dosing 158
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2 Co3 Dosing 159
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors 162
6.4 Concluding Remarks 165
7 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process 177
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction 178
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water 178
7.1.2 Legislation 179
7.1.3 Ideal Solution 180
7.2 Objectives 180
7.3 Literature 181
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes 181
7.3.2 Solubilities 184
7.3.3 Pigment 185
7.4 Materials and Methods 185
7.4.1 Fe 2+ Oxidation 185
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO 3 , Na2 Co3 and MgO) 188
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe 3+ Removal 189
7.4.4 Inhibition 190
7.4.5 MgO/SiO 2 Separation 190
7.4.6 SiO 2 Removal 192
7.4.7 Pigment Formation 192
7.4.8 Analytical 192
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge 193
7.4.10 Oli 193
7.5 Results and Discussion 194
7.5.1 Chemical Composition 194
7.5.2 Biological Fe 2+ -Oxidation 194
7.5.3 CaCO 3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe 3+ and Remaining Metals 199
7.5.4 MgO and Na2 Co3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ 204
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization 216
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO 2 230
7.5.7 Si 4+ Removal from Solution 232
7.5.8 Fe(OH) 3 Purity and Pigment Formation 232
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility 236
7.6 Conclusions 238
8 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives 245
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage 247
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation 248
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation 250
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage 252
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage 253
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD 253
8.4.1 Physical Properties 253
8.4.2 Chemical Properties 254
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 254
8.6 AMD Abatement 256
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing 256
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers 257
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 257
8.6.4 Bacteria Control 257
8.6.5 Water Cover 257
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD 258
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD 258
8.7.2 Passive Treatment 260
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies 264
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment 266
8.7.5 Integrated Approach 267
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment 269
8.8.1 Adsorption 269
8.8.2 Precipitation 270
8.8.3 Ion Exchange 270
8.8.4 Bioadsorption 271
8.8.5 Filtration 271
8.8.6 Electrodialysis 272
8.8.7 Crystallization 272
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD 273
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment 274
8.11 Conclusion 275
References 275
Index 287
1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal 1
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Materials and Methods 4
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization 4
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents 5
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples 5
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 5
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments 6
1.3 Results and Discussion 10
1.3.1 Remediation Studies 10
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects 18
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD 23
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors 24
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples 26
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW 31
1.5 Limitation of the Study 33
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33
2 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange 41
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment 44
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology 44
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process 46
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials 48
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers 49
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments 51
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup 51
2.3.2 Column Loading Process 53
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone 56
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading) 57
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange 58
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations 59
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water 60
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives 60
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water 63
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments 65
2.4.4 Copper-Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process 69
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany 71
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges 73
3 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review 79
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage 80
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage 82
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 83
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology 84
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention 85
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD 85
3.6.1 Active Treatment 86
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation 86
3.6.3 Adsorption 86
3.6.4 Passive Treatment 87
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods 87
3.7 Conclusion 90
4 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment 95
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
4.1 Introduction 96
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods 97
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment 97
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process 104
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process 106
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology 107
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies 108
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies 110
4.3.1 Tailing Technology 110
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 111
5 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation 119
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage 121
5.2.1 Water Covers 122
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation 122
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control 124
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction 124
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 124
5.3.1 Active Treatment 125
5.3.2 Passive Treatment 128
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems 135
6 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc-Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales 147
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction 148
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn 151
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn 153
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2 Co3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents 155
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water 156
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2 Co3 Dosing 158
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2 Co3 Dosing 159
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors 162
6.4 Concluding Remarks 165
7 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process 177
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction 178
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water 178
7.1.2 Legislation 179
7.1.3 Ideal Solution 180
7.2 Objectives 180
7.3 Literature 181
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes 181
7.3.2 Solubilities 184
7.3.3 Pigment 185
7.4 Materials and Methods 185
7.4.1 Fe 2+ Oxidation 185
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO 3 , Na2 Co3 and MgO) 188
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe 3+ Removal 189
7.4.4 Inhibition 190
7.4.5 MgO/SiO 2 Separation 190
7.4.6 SiO 2 Removal 192
7.4.7 Pigment Formation 192
7.4.8 Analytical 192
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge 193
7.4.10 Oli 193
7.5 Results and Discussion 194
7.5.1 Chemical Composition 194
7.5.2 Biological Fe 2+ -Oxidation 194
7.5.3 CaCO 3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe 3+ and Remaining Metals 199
7.5.4 MgO and Na2 Co3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ 204
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization 216
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO 2 230
7.5.7 Si 4+ Removal from Solution 232
7.5.8 Fe(OH) 3 Purity and Pigment Formation 232
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility 236
7.6 Conclusions 238
8 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives 245
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage 247
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation 248
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation 250
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage 252
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage 253
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD 253
8.4.1 Physical Properties 253
8.4.2 Chemical Properties 254
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 254
8.6 AMD Abatement 256
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing 256
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers 257
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 257
8.6.4 Bacteria Control 257
8.6.5 Water Cover 257
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD 258
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD 258
8.7.2 Passive Treatment 260
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies 264
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment 266
8.7.5 Integrated Approach 267
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment 269
8.8.1 Adsorption 269
8.8.2 Precipitation 270
8.8.3 Ion Exchange 270
8.8.4 Bioadsorption 271
8.8.5 Filtration 271
8.8.6 Electrodialysis 272
8.8.7 Crystallization 272
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD 273
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment 274
8.11 Conclusion 275
References 275
Index 287
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