Forest Mensuration
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portes grátis
Forest Mensuration
Ducey, Mark J.; Husch, Bertram; Beers, Thomas W.; Kershaw, John A.
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
12/2016
640
Dura
Inglês
9781118902035
15 a 20 dias
1102
Descrição não disponível.
Preface xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Role of Forest Mensuration in Forest Management 2
1.2. Forest Mensuration as a Tool for Monitoring Forests 3
1.3. Relevance of Forest Mensuration for Ecology and Nontimber Resources 4
1.4. Design and Planning of Inventories 5
2 Principles of Measurement 13
2.1. Scales of Measurement 14
2.2. Units of Measurement 16
2.3. Systems of Measurement 16
2.4. Variables 21
2.5. Precision, Accuracy, and Bias 21
2.6. Significant Digits and Rounding Off 23
2.7. Data Summary and Presentation 27
2.8. Fundamental Measurements 30
3 Basic Statistical Concepts 34
3.1. Descriptive Statistics 34
3.2. Frequency Distributions 38
3.3. Measures of Central Tendency 40
3.4. Measures of Dispersion 42
3.5. Sampling Error 45
3.6. Sample Size Determination 50
3.7. Influence of Scalar Transformations and the Estimation of Totals 52
3.8. Correlation and Regression Estimation 53
3.9. Use of Covariates to Improve Estimation 63
4 Land Area Determination in Forest Mensuration 67
4.1. Land Distance and Area Units 68
4.2. Measuring Distances 68
4.3. Measuring Area in the Field 73
4.4. Measuring Area Using Maps and Photos 73
4.5. Determination of Photo Scale 76
4.6. Determination of Direction Using a Compass 80
4.7. The U.S. Public Land Surveys 82
4.8. Global Positioning Systems 86
4.9. Geographic Information Systems 89
5 Individual Tree Parameters 92
5.1. Age 92
5.2. Tree Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas 95
5.3. Height 108
5.4. Form 121
5.5. Crown Parameters 125
5.6. Regression and Allometric Approaches 130
6 Determination of Tree Volume Weight and Biomass 135
6.1. Measurement of Individual Trees 137
6.2. Allometric Equations for Volume, Weight, and Biomass 156
6.3. Tabular Estimation 160
6.4. Volume and Biomass Distribution in Trees 167
6.5. Other Methods of Estimating Tree Content 173
6.6. Applications to Seedlings and Understory Vegetation 179
6.7. Applications to Snags and Down Woody Material 179
7 Measurement of Primary Forest Products 184
7.1. Units of Measurement of Forest Products 184
7.2. Log Rules 186
7.3. Board Foot Log Rules 186
7.4. Log Scaling 195
7.5. Scaling Stacked Volume 199
7.6. Volume Unit Conversion 200
7.7. Scaling By Weight 204
8 Stand Parameters 210
8.1. Age 211
8.2. Species Composition 212
8.3. Diameter 219
8.4. Height 228
8.5. Volume, Weight, and Biomass 232
8.6. Crown and Canopy Measurements 236
8.7. Understory and Regeneration 239
8.8. Site Quality 250
8.9. Density and Stocking 259
9 Sampling Units for Estimating Parameters 273
9.1. The Factor Concept 274
9.2. Fixed-Area Plots 276
9.3. Sampling Trees with Variable Probability 287
9.4. Other Examples of Variable Probability Sampling 298
9.5. Distance-Based Sampling Units 299
9.6. Selecting Appropriate Sampling Units 303
10 Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories 305
10.1. Basic Considerations 305
10.2. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) 311
10.3. Systematic Sampling (SYS) 318
10.4. Selective or Opportunistic Sampling 326
10.5. Stratified Sampling (STS) 327
10.6. Cluster Sampling 334
10.7. Multistage Sampling 338
10.8. Sampling with Covariates 343
10.9. List Sampling 353
10.10. 3P Sampling 357
11 Inventory of Standing Trees Using Sampling with Varying Probability 361
11.1. Horizontal Point Sampling (HPS) 362
11.2. Subsampling in HPS 377
11.3. Other Variable Probability Sampling Techniques 386
12 Inventory of Downed Dead Material Using Sampling with Varying Probability 393
12.1. Fixed-Area Plots 394
12.2. Line Intersect Sampling 398
12.3. Angle Gauge Methods 406
12.4. Perpendicular Distance Sampling (PDS) 414
12.5. Other Methods 425
12.6. Design Considerations and Selection of Methods 427
13 Integrating Remote Sensing in Forest Inventory 429
13.1. Types of Remotely Sensed Data 429
13.2. Remote Sensing for Stratification 442
13.3. Individual Tree Measurements 446
13.4. Remote Sensing for Covariates 449
14 Measurement of Tree and Stand Growth 455
14.1. Individual Tree Growth 456
14.2. Direct Measurement of Tree Growth 460
14.3. Reconstructing Tree Growth 465
14.4. Stand and Forest Growth 474
14.5. Measurement of Stand and Forest Growth and Yield 479
14.6. Considerations for the Design and Maintenance of Permanent Sample Plot Systems 494
14.7. Growth and Yield Models 503
Appendix 519
References 550
Index 592
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Role of Forest Mensuration in Forest Management 2
1.2. Forest Mensuration as a Tool for Monitoring Forests 3
1.3. Relevance of Forest Mensuration for Ecology and Nontimber Resources 4
1.4. Design and Planning of Inventories 5
2 Principles of Measurement 13
2.1. Scales of Measurement 14
2.2. Units of Measurement 16
2.3. Systems of Measurement 16
2.4. Variables 21
2.5. Precision, Accuracy, and Bias 21
2.6. Significant Digits and Rounding Off 23
2.7. Data Summary and Presentation 27
2.8. Fundamental Measurements 30
3 Basic Statistical Concepts 34
3.1. Descriptive Statistics 34
3.2. Frequency Distributions 38
3.3. Measures of Central Tendency 40
3.4. Measures of Dispersion 42
3.5. Sampling Error 45
3.6. Sample Size Determination 50
3.7. Influence of Scalar Transformations and the Estimation of Totals 52
3.8. Correlation and Regression Estimation 53
3.9. Use of Covariates to Improve Estimation 63
4 Land Area Determination in Forest Mensuration 67
4.1. Land Distance and Area Units 68
4.2. Measuring Distances 68
4.3. Measuring Area in the Field 73
4.4. Measuring Area Using Maps and Photos 73
4.5. Determination of Photo Scale 76
4.6. Determination of Direction Using a Compass 80
4.7. The U.S. Public Land Surveys 82
4.8. Global Positioning Systems 86
4.9. Geographic Information Systems 89
5 Individual Tree Parameters 92
5.1. Age 92
5.2. Tree Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas 95
5.3. Height 108
5.4. Form 121
5.5. Crown Parameters 125
5.6. Regression and Allometric Approaches 130
6 Determination of Tree Volume Weight and Biomass 135
6.1. Measurement of Individual Trees 137
6.2. Allometric Equations for Volume, Weight, and Biomass 156
6.3. Tabular Estimation 160
6.4. Volume and Biomass Distribution in Trees 167
6.5. Other Methods of Estimating Tree Content 173
6.6. Applications to Seedlings and Understory Vegetation 179
6.7. Applications to Snags and Down Woody Material 179
7 Measurement of Primary Forest Products 184
7.1. Units of Measurement of Forest Products 184
7.2. Log Rules 186
7.3. Board Foot Log Rules 186
7.4. Log Scaling 195
7.5. Scaling Stacked Volume 199
7.6. Volume Unit Conversion 200
7.7. Scaling By Weight 204
8 Stand Parameters 210
8.1. Age 211
8.2. Species Composition 212
8.3. Diameter 219
8.4. Height 228
8.5. Volume, Weight, and Biomass 232
8.6. Crown and Canopy Measurements 236
8.7. Understory and Regeneration 239
8.8. Site Quality 250
8.9. Density and Stocking 259
9 Sampling Units for Estimating Parameters 273
9.1. The Factor Concept 274
9.2. Fixed-Area Plots 276
9.3. Sampling Trees with Variable Probability 287
9.4. Other Examples of Variable Probability Sampling 298
9.5. Distance-Based Sampling Units 299
9.6. Selecting Appropriate Sampling Units 303
10 Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories 305
10.1. Basic Considerations 305
10.2. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) 311
10.3. Systematic Sampling (SYS) 318
10.4. Selective or Opportunistic Sampling 326
10.5. Stratified Sampling (STS) 327
10.6. Cluster Sampling 334
10.7. Multistage Sampling 338
10.8. Sampling with Covariates 343
10.9. List Sampling 353
10.10. 3P Sampling 357
11 Inventory of Standing Trees Using Sampling with Varying Probability 361
11.1. Horizontal Point Sampling (HPS) 362
11.2. Subsampling in HPS 377
11.3. Other Variable Probability Sampling Techniques 386
12 Inventory of Downed Dead Material Using Sampling with Varying Probability 393
12.1. Fixed-Area Plots 394
12.2. Line Intersect Sampling 398
12.3. Angle Gauge Methods 406
12.4. Perpendicular Distance Sampling (PDS) 414
12.5. Other Methods 425
12.6. Design Considerations and Selection of Methods 427
13 Integrating Remote Sensing in Forest Inventory 429
13.1. Types of Remotely Sensed Data 429
13.2. Remote Sensing for Stratification 442
13.3. Individual Tree Measurements 446
13.4. Remote Sensing for Covariates 449
14 Measurement of Tree and Stand Growth 455
14.1. Individual Tree Growth 456
14.2. Direct Measurement of Tree Growth 460
14.3. Reconstructing Tree Growth 465
14.4. Stand and Forest Growth 474
14.5. Measurement of Stand and Forest Growth and Yield 479
14.6. Considerations for the Design and Maintenance of Permanent Sample Plot Systems 494
14.7. Growth and Yield Models 503
Appendix 519
References 550
Index 592
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
Forest inventory; Forest measurements; Timber inventory; Sampling; Forest biometrics; Down wood; Variable probability sampling; Continuous forest inventory; Remote sensing; Forest biomass
Preface xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Role of Forest Mensuration in Forest Management 2
1.2. Forest Mensuration as a Tool for Monitoring Forests 3
1.3. Relevance of Forest Mensuration for Ecology and Nontimber Resources 4
1.4. Design and Planning of Inventories 5
2 Principles of Measurement 13
2.1. Scales of Measurement 14
2.2. Units of Measurement 16
2.3. Systems of Measurement 16
2.4. Variables 21
2.5. Precision, Accuracy, and Bias 21
2.6. Significant Digits and Rounding Off 23
2.7. Data Summary and Presentation 27
2.8. Fundamental Measurements 30
3 Basic Statistical Concepts 34
3.1. Descriptive Statistics 34
3.2. Frequency Distributions 38
3.3. Measures of Central Tendency 40
3.4. Measures of Dispersion 42
3.5. Sampling Error 45
3.6. Sample Size Determination 50
3.7. Influence of Scalar Transformations and the Estimation of Totals 52
3.8. Correlation and Regression Estimation 53
3.9. Use of Covariates to Improve Estimation 63
4 Land Area Determination in Forest Mensuration 67
4.1. Land Distance and Area Units 68
4.2. Measuring Distances 68
4.3. Measuring Area in the Field 73
4.4. Measuring Area Using Maps and Photos 73
4.5. Determination of Photo Scale 76
4.6. Determination of Direction Using a Compass 80
4.7. The U.S. Public Land Surveys 82
4.8. Global Positioning Systems 86
4.9. Geographic Information Systems 89
5 Individual Tree Parameters 92
5.1. Age 92
5.2. Tree Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas 95
5.3. Height 108
5.4. Form 121
5.5. Crown Parameters 125
5.6. Regression and Allometric Approaches 130
6 Determination of Tree Volume Weight and Biomass 135
6.1. Measurement of Individual Trees 137
6.2. Allometric Equations for Volume, Weight, and Biomass 156
6.3. Tabular Estimation 160
6.4. Volume and Biomass Distribution in Trees 167
6.5. Other Methods of Estimating Tree Content 173
6.6. Applications to Seedlings and Understory Vegetation 179
6.7. Applications to Snags and Down Woody Material 179
7 Measurement of Primary Forest Products 184
7.1. Units of Measurement of Forest Products 184
7.2. Log Rules 186
7.3. Board Foot Log Rules 186
7.4. Log Scaling 195
7.5. Scaling Stacked Volume 199
7.6. Volume Unit Conversion 200
7.7. Scaling By Weight 204
8 Stand Parameters 210
8.1. Age 211
8.2. Species Composition 212
8.3. Diameter 219
8.4. Height 228
8.5. Volume, Weight, and Biomass 232
8.6. Crown and Canopy Measurements 236
8.7. Understory and Regeneration 239
8.8. Site Quality 250
8.9. Density and Stocking 259
9 Sampling Units for Estimating Parameters 273
9.1. The Factor Concept 274
9.2. Fixed-Area Plots 276
9.3. Sampling Trees with Variable Probability 287
9.4. Other Examples of Variable Probability Sampling 298
9.5. Distance-Based Sampling Units 299
9.6. Selecting Appropriate Sampling Units 303
10 Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories 305
10.1. Basic Considerations 305
10.2. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) 311
10.3. Systematic Sampling (SYS) 318
10.4. Selective or Opportunistic Sampling 326
10.5. Stratified Sampling (STS) 327
10.6. Cluster Sampling 334
10.7. Multistage Sampling 338
10.8. Sampling with Covariates 343
10.9. List Sampling 353
10.10. 3P Sampling 357
11 Inventory of Standing Trees Using Sampling with Varying Probability 361
11.1. Horizontal Point Sampling (HPS) 362
11.2. Subsampling in HPS 377
11.3. Other Variable Probability Sampling Techniques 386
12 Inventory of Downed Dead Material Using Sampling with Varying Probability 393
12.1. Fixed-Area Plots 394
12.2. Line Intersect Sampling 398
12.3. Angle Gauge Methods 406
12.4. Perpendicular Distance Sampling (PDS) 414
12.5. Other Methods 425
12.6. Design Considerations and Selection of Methods 427
13 Integrating Remote Sensing in Forest Inventory 429
13.1. Types of Remotely Sensed Data 429
13.2. Remote Sensing for Stratification 442
13.3. Individual Tree Measurements 446
13.4. Remote Sensing for Covariates 449
14 Measurement of Tree and Stand Growth 455
14.1. Individual Tree Growth 456
14.2. Direct Measurement of Tree Growth 460
14.3. Reconstructing Tree Growth 465
14.4. Stand and Forest Growth 474
14.5. Measurement of Stand and Forest Growth and Yield 479
14.6. Considerations for the Design and Maintenance of Permanent Sample Plot Systems 494
14.7. Growth and Yield Models 503
Appendix 519
References 550
Index 592
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Role of Forest Mensuration in Forest Management 2
1.2. Forest Mensuration as a Tool for Monitoring Forests 3
1.3. Relevance of Forest Mensuration for Ecology and Nontimber Resources 4
1.4. Design and Planning of Inventories 5
2 Principles of Measurement 13
2.1. Scales of Measurement 14
2.2. Units of Measurement 16
2.3. Systems of Measurement 16
2.4. Variables 21
2.5. Precision, Accuracy, and Bias 21
2.6. Significant Digits and Rounding Off 23
2.7. Data Summary and Presentation 27
2.8. Fundamental Measurements 30
3 Basic Statistical Concepts 34
3.1. Descriptive Statistics 34
3.2. Frequency Distributions 38
3.3. Measures of Central Tendency 40
3.4. Measures of Dispersion 42
3.5. Sampling Error 45
3.6. Sample Size Determination 50
3.7. Influence of Scalar Transformations and the Estimation of Totals 52
3.8. Correlation and Regression Estimation 53
3.9. Use of Covariates to Improve Estimation 63
4 Land Area Determination in Forest Mensuration 67
4.1. Land Distance and Area Units 68
4.2. Measuring Distances 68
4.3. Measuring Area in the Field 73
4.4. Measuring Area Using Maps and Photos 73
4.5. Determination of Photo Scale 76
4.6. Determination of Direction Using a Compass 80
4.7. The U.S. Public Land Surveys 82
4.8. Global Positioning Systems 86
4.9. Geographic Information Systems 89
5 Individual Tree Parameters 92
5.1. Age 92
5.2. Tree Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas 95
5.3. Height 108
5.4. Form 121
5.5. Crown Parameters 125
5.6. Regression and Allometric Approaches 130
6 Determination of Tree Volume Weight and Biomass 135
6.1. Measurement of Individual Trees 137
6.2. Allometric Equations for Volume, Weight, and Biomass 156
6.3. Tabular Estimation 160
6.4. Volume and Biomass Distribution in Trees 167
6.5. Other Methods of Estimating Tree Content 173
6.6. Applications to Seedlings and Understory Vegetation 179
6.7. Applications to Snags and Down Woody Material 179
7 Measurement of Primary Forest Products 184
7.1. Units of Measurement of Forest Products 184
7.2. Log Rules 186
7.3. Board Foot Log Rules 186
7.4. Log Scaling 195
7.5. Scaling Stacked Volume 199
7.6. Volume Unit Conversion 200
7.7. Scaling By Weight 204
8 Stand Parameters 210
8.1. Age 211
8.2. Species Composition 212
8.3. Diameter 219
8.4. Height 228
8.5. Volume, Weight, and Biomass 232
8.6. Crown and Canopy Measurements 236
8.7. Understory and Regeneration 239
8.8. Site Quality 250
8.9. Density and Stocking 259
9 Sampling Units for Estimating Parameters 273
9.1. The Factor Concept 274
9.2. Fixed-Area Plots 276
9.3. Sampling Trees with Variable Probability 287
9.4. Other Examples of Variable Probability Sampling 298
9.5. Distance-Based Sampling Units 299
9.6. Selecting Appropriate Sampling Units 303
10 Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories 305
10.1. Basic Considerations 305
10.2. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) 311
10.3. Systematic Sampling (SYS) 318
10.4. Selective or Opportunistic Sampling 326
10.5. Stratified Sampling (STS) 327
10.6. Cluster Sampling 334
10.7. Multistage Sampling 338
10.8. Sampling with Covariates 343
10.9. List Sampling 353
10.10. 3P Sampling 357
11 Inventory of Standing Trees Using Sampling with Varying Probability 361
11.1. Horizontal Point Sampling (HPS) 362
11.2. Subsampling in HPS 377
11.3. Other Variable Probability Sampling Techniques 386
12 Inventory of Downed Dead Material Using Sampling with Varying Probability 393
12.1. Fixed-Area Plots 394
12.2. Line Intersect Sampling 398
12.3. Angle Gauge Methods 406
12.4. Perpendicular Distance Sampling (PDS) 414
12.5. Other Methods 425
12.6. Design Considerations and Selection of Methods 427
13 Integrating Remote Sensing in Forest Inventory 429
13.1. Types of Remotely Sensed Data 429
13.2. Remote Sensing for Stratification 442
13.3. Individual Tree Measurements 446
13.4. Remote Sensing for Covariates 449
14 Measurement of Tree and Stand Growth 455
14.1. Individual Tree Growth 456
14.2. Direct Measurement of Tree Growth 460
14.3. Reconstructing Tree Growth 465
14.4. Stand and Forest Growth 474
14.5. Measurement of Stand and Forest Growth and Yield 479
14.6. Considerations for the Design and Maintenance of Permanent Sample Plot Systems 494
14.7. Growth and Yield Models 503
Appendix 519
References 550
Index 592
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
