Guide to Sample Size for Animal-based Studies

Preface vii

Acknowledgements viii

Part I. What is Sample Size?

1 The Sample Size Problem in Animal-Based Research 3

2 Sample Size Basics 9

3 Ten Strategies to Increase Information (and Reduce Sample Size) 17

Part II. Sample Size for Feasibility and Pilot Studies

4 Why Pilot Studies? 35

5 Operational Pilot Studies: 'Can It Work?' 47

6 Empirical and Translational Pilots 57

7 Feasibility Calculations: Arithmetic 81

8 Feasibility: Counting Subjects 89

Part III. Sample Size for Description

9 Descriptions and Summaries 103

10 Confidence Intervals and Precision 111

11 Prediction Intervals 127

12 Tolerance Intervals 133

13 Reference Intervals 143

Part IV. Sample Size for Comparison

14 Sample Size and Hypothesis Testing 155

15 A Bestiary of Effect Sizes 167

16 Comparing Two Groups: Continuous Outcomes 181

17 Comparing Two Groups: Proportions 189

18 Time-to-Event (Survival) Data 199

19 Comparing Multiple Factors 211

20 Hierarchical or Nested Data 233

21 Ordinal Data 249

22 Dose-Response Studies 257

Index 267

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• Matemática

3Rs; Animal-based research; Experimental logistics; Feasibility studies; Methodology; Preclinical research; Proof-Of-Concept; Pilot Studies; Replacement; Refinement; Reduction; Reproducibility; Study Planning; Translation; Veterinary clinical trials; Veterinary research