Rhythms of Insect Evolution
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Rhythms of Insect Evolution
Evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Northern China
Shih, Chungkun; Wang, Yongjie; Ren, Dong; Yao, Yunzhi; Gao, Taiping
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
04/2019
728
Dura
Inglês
9781119427988
15 a 20 dias
2176
Descrição não disponível.
Preface xi
List of Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Jurassic-Cretaceous Non-Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China 1
Dong Ren
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil-Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China 1
1.2.1 Yumen-Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province 1
1.2.2 Intermountain Volcanic Basins in Beijing-Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning-Southeastern Inner Mongolia 3
1.3 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China 4
1.3.1 Yanliao Entomofauna 5
1.3.2 Jehol Entomofauna in the Yanliao Area 8
1.3.3 Fuxin Entomofauna 10
1.4 Geological Ages of Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China 10
References 12
2 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems 17
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals 17
2.3 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants 24
References 28
3 Insects - In the Spotlight 31
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
3.1 Introduction to Insects 31
3.2 How to Identify an Insect 31
3.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects 35
References 38
4 A History of Paleoentomology in China 41
Dong Ren, Chungkun Shih, and Taiping Gao
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923-1935) 41
4.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965-1985) 42
4.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985-Present) 43
4.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991-Present) 44
4.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000-Present) 45
References 48
5 Ephemeroptera - Mayflies 51
MeiWang, Qingqing Lin, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera 51
5.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera 53
5.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China 53
References 59
6 Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies 63
Qiang Yang, Dong Ren, Hong Pang, and Chungkun Shih
6.1 Introduction to Odonata 63
6.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata 66
6.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China 66
References 86
7 Blattaria - Cockroaches 91
Junhui Liang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
7.1 Introduction to Blattaria 91
7.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea 92
7.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China 93
References 109
8 Termitoidae - Termites 113
Zhipeng Zhao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae 113
8.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites 115
8.3 Representative Fossils of Termites from Northern China 116
References 117
9 Orthoptera - Grasshoppers and Katydids 121
Jun-Jie Gu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera 121
9.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera 122
9.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China 124
References 134
10 Notoptera - Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers 137
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 137
10.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 138
10.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China 139
References 145
11 Dermaptera - Earwigs 149
Mingyue Ren, Chungkun Shih, Changyue Xing, and Dong Ren
11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera 149
11.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera 150
11.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China 150
References 155
12 Chresmodidae -Water-Walking Insects 157
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae 157
12.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae 158
12.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China 159
References 162
13 Phasmatodea - Stick Insects and Leaf Insects 165
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, Sha Chen, and Dong Ren
13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea 165
13.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea 166
13.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China 168
References 172
14 Plecoptera - Stoneflies 175
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera 175
14.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera 176
14.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China 176
References 183
15 Psocoptera - Barklice and Booklice 185
RuiqianWang, Yunzhi Yao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera 185
15.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera 185
15.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China 186
References 187
16 Homoptera - Cicadas and Hoppers 189
Ying Wang, Xiao Zhang, Tingying Zhang, Xue Liu, Chungkun Shih, Yunzhi Yao, and Dong Ren
16.1 Introduction to Homoptera 189
16.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera 190
16.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China 192
References 218
17 Heteroptera - True Bugs 225
Sile Du, Shan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren, and Yunzhi Yao
17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera 225
17.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha 227
17.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China 228
References 262
18 Megaloptera - Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies 269
Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera 269
18.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera 269
18.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China 271
References 273
19 Raphidioptera - Snakeflies 275
Hui Fang, Yongjie Wang, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera 275
19.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera 275
19.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China 276
References 282
20 Neuroptera - Lacewings 285
Zhenzhen Chen, Shuo Huang, Yu Chang, Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 32920.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 329
21 Coleoptera - Beetles 337
Yali Yu, Zhenhua Liu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera 337
21.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera 342
21.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China 344
References 414
22 Hymenoptera - Sawflies and Wasps 429
Mei Wang, Longfeng Li, Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera 429
22.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera 435
22.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China 436
References 490
23 Diptera - True Flies with Two Wings 497
Ye Han, Xiuna Ye, Cuiping Feng, Kuiyan Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
23.1 Introduction to Diptera 497
23.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera 500
23.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China 501
References 546
24 Mecoptera - Scorpionflies and Hangingflies 555
Xiaodan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Sheng Li, and Dong Ren
24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera 555
24.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera 558
24.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China 559
References 589
25 Siphonaptera - Fleas 597
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera 597
25.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas 598
25.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China 600
References 605
26 Trichoptera - Caddisflies 607
Mei Wang,Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera 607
26.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera 607
26.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China 608
References 616
27 Lepidoptera - Butterflies and Moths 619
Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera 619
27.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera 620
27.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China 622
References 629
28 Insect Feeding 631
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, Yunzi Yao, and Dong Ren
28.1 Introduction 631
28.2 PollinationMutualism - Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms 631
28.2.1 Scorpionflies with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 631
28.2.2 Kalligrammatid Lacewings with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 632
28.3 Predation - Preying on Other Insects 635
28.3.1 Mantispid Lacewings with Raptorial Forelegs 635
28.3.2 Dipteromantispidae with Raptorial Forelegs 636
28.3.3 Hangingflies - Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae 636
28.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas 636
28.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs 639
28.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types 643
References 646
29 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning 651
Chungkun Shih, YongjieWang, and Dong Ren
29.1 Introduction 651
29.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects 651
29.2.1 Irregular Light and Dark Patches Covering the EntireWing 651
29.2.2 Irregular Dark or Light Markings on Part of the Margin and/or Center ofWing 653
29.2.3 Dispersed Dark Spots Large or Small 654
29.2.4 Dispersed Small Light Spots or Large Light Spots Surrounded by Small Dark Spots 654
29.2.5 Regular Transverse (from Anterior to Posterior Margin) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 654
29.2.6 Regular Longitudinal (from Base to the Apex) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 655
29.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects 655
29.3.1 Ancient Pinnate Leaf Mimicry among Lacewings 656
29.3.2 Mimicry and Mutualism among Hangingflies and Ginkgo Plants 657
29.4 EyespotWarning for Fossil Insects 659
29.4.1 Eyespots and Spots on the Forewings of Kalligrammatids 659
29.5 Summary and Prospects 660
References 662
30 Gene Propagation - Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation 667
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
30.1 Introduction 667
30.2 Extreme Sexual Display 667
30.3 Serenade with Love Songs 668
30.4 Sensing and Locating PotentialMates with Ramified Antennae 670
30.5 Forever Love -The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects 670
30.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts 673
30.7 Breeding - Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining 675
References 679
Index 683
List of Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Jurassic-Cretaceous Non-Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China 1
Dong Ren
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil-Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China 1
1.2.1 Yumen-Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province 1
1.2.2 Intermountain Volcanic Basins in Beijing-Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning-Southeastern Inner Mongolia 3
1.3 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China 4
1.3.1 Yanliao Entomofauna 5
1.3.2 Jehol Entomofauna in the Yanliao Area 8
1.3.3 Fuxin Entomofauna 10
1.4 Geological Ages of Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China 10
References 12
2 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems 17
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals 17
2.3 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants 24
References 28
3 Insects - In the Spotlight 31
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
3.1 Introduction to Insects 31
3.2 How to Identify an Insect 31
3.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects 35
References 38
4 A History of Paleoentomology in China 41
Dong Ren, Chungkun Shih, and Taiping Gao
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923-1935) 41
4.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965-1985) 42
4.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985-Present) 43
4.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991-Present) 44
4.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000-Present) 45
References 48
5 Ephemeroptera - Mayflies 51
MeiWang, Qingqing Lin, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera 51
5.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera 53
5.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China 53
References 59
6 Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies 63
Qiang Yang, Dong Ren, Hong Pang, and Chungkun Shih
6.1 Introduction to Odonata 63
6.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata 66
6.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China 66
References 86
7 Blattaria - Cockroaches 91
Junhui Liang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
7.1 Introduction to Blattaria 91
7.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea 92
7.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China 93
References 109
8 Termitoidae - Termites 113
Zhipeng Zhao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae 113
8.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites 115
8.3 Representative Fossils of Termites from Northern China 116
References 117
9 Orthoptera - Grasshoppers and Katydids 121
Jun-Jie Gu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera 121
9.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera 122
9.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China 124
References 134
10 Notoptera - Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers 137
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 137
10.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 138
10.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China 139
References 145
11 Dermaptera - Earwigs 149
Mingyue Ren, Chungkun Shih, Changyue Xing, and Dong Ren
11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera 149
11.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera 150
11.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China 150
References 155
12 Chresmodidae -Water-Walking Insects 157
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae 157
12.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae 158
12.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China 159
References 162
13 Phasmatodea - Stick Insects and Leaf Insects 165
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, Sha Chen, and Dong Ren
13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea 165
13.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea 166
13.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China 168
References 172
14 Plecoptera - Stoneflies 175
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera 175
14.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera 176
14.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China 176
References 183
15 Psocoptera - Barklice and Booklice 185
RuiqianWang, Yunzhi Yao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera 185
15.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera 185
15.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China 186
References 187
16 Homoptera - Cicadas and Hoppers 189
Ying Wang, Xiao Zhang, Tingying Zhang, Xue Liu, Chungkun Shih, Yunzhi Yao, and Dong Ren
16.1 Introduction to Homoptera 189
16.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera 190
16.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China 192
References 218
17 Heteroptera - True Bugs 225
Sile Du, Shan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren, and Yunzhi Yao
17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera 225
17.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha 227
17.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China 228
References 262
18 Megaloptera - Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies 269
Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera 269
18.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera 269
18.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China 271
References 273
19 Raphidioptera - Snakeflies 275
Hui Fang, Yongjie Wang, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera 275
19.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera 275
19.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China 276
References 282
20 Neuroptera - Lacewings 285
Zhenzhen Chen, Shuo Huang, Yu Chang, Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 32920.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 329
21 Coleoptera - Beetles 337
Yali Yu, Zhenhua Liu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera 337
21.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera 342
21.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China 344
References 414
22 Hymenoptera - Sawflies and Wasps 429
Mei Wang, Longfeng Li, Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera 429
22.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera 435
22.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China 436
References 490
23 Diptera - True Flies with Two Wings 497
Ye Han, Xiuna Ye, Cuiping Feng, Kuiyan Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
23.1 Introduction to Diptera 497
23.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera 500
23.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China 501
References 546
24 Mecoptera - Scorpionflies and Hangingflies 555
Xiaodan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Sheng Li, and Dong Ren
24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera 555
24.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera 558
24.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China 559
References 589
25 Siphonaptera - Fleas 597
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera 597
25.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas 598
25.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China 600
References 605
26 Trichoptera - Caddisflies 607
Mei Wang,Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera 607
26.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera 607
26.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China 608
References 616
27 Lepidoptera - Butterflies and Moths 619
Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera 619
27.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera 620
27.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China 622
References 629
28 Insect Feeding 631
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, Yunzi Yao, and Dong Ren
28.1 Introduction 631
28.2 PollinationMutualism - Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms 631
28.2.1 Scorpionflies with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 631
28.2.2 Kalligrammatid Lacewings with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 632
28.3 Predation - Preying on Other Insects 635
28.3.1 Mantispid Lacewings with Raptorial Forelegs 635
28.3.2 Dipteromantispidae with Raptorial Forelegs 636
28.3.3 Hangingflies - Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae 636
28.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas 636
28.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs 639
28.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types 643
References 646
29 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning 651
Chungkun Shih, YongjieWang, and Dong Ren
29.1 Introduction 651
29.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects 651
29.2.1 Irregular Light and Dark Patches Covering the EntireWing 651
29.2.2 Irregular Dark or Light Markings on Part of the Margin and/or Center ofWing 653
29.2.3 Dispersed Dark Spots Large or Small 654
29.2.4 Dispersed Small Light Spots or Large Light Spots Surrounded by Small Dark Spots 654
29.2.5 Regular Transverse (from Anterior to Posterior Margin) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 654
29.2.6 Regular Longitudinal (from Base to the Apex) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 655
29.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects 655
29.3.1 Ancient Pinnate Leaf Mimicry among Lacewings 656
29.3.2 Mimicry and Mutualism among Hangingflies and Ginkgo Plants 657
29.4 EyespotWarning for Fossil Insects 659
29.4.1 Eyespots and Spots on the Forewings of Kalligrammatids 659
29.5 Summary and Prospects 660
References 662
30 Gene Propagation - Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation 667
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
30.1 Introduction 667
30.2 Extreme Sexual Display 667
30.3 Serenade with Love Songs 668
30.4 Sensing and Locating PotentialMates with Ramified Antennae 670
30.5 Forever Love -The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects 670
30.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts 673
30.7 Breeding - Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining 675
References 679
Index 683
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insects; ancient insects; insect fossils; studying insect fossils; paleontology; entomology; insects and evolution; insect evolution; insects in amber; paleoecology; insect taxonomy; insects of the Jurassic period; insects of the Cretaceous periods; insects through time; cataloging insects; ancient Chinese insects; Chinese insects; insects of Northern China; understanding insects through fossilization; studying insect ecosystems; insect ecosystems; insect classification; types of insects; fossilized insects; insect morphology; Ephemeroptera; Odonata; Blattaria; Isoptera; Orthoptera; Notoptera; Dermaptera; Chresmodidae; Phasmatodea; Plecoptera; Psocoptera; Homoptera; Heteroptera; Megaloptera; Raphidioptera; Neuroptera; Coleoptera; Hymenoptera Diptera; Mecoptera; Siphonaptera; Trichoptera; Lepidoptera
Preface xi
List of Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Jurassic-Cretaceous Non-Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China 1
Dong Ren
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil-Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China 1
1.2.1 Yumen-Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province 1
1.2.2 Intermountain Volcanic Basins in Beijing-Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning-Southeastern Inner Mongolia 3
1.3 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China 4
1.3.1 Yanliao Entomofauna 5
1.3.2 Jehol Entomofauna in the Yanliao Area 8
1.3.3 Fuxin Entomofauna 10
1.4 Geological Ages of Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China 10
References 12
2 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems 17
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals 17
2.3 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants 24
References 28
3 Insects - In the Spotlight 31
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
3.1 Introduction to Insects 31
3.2 How to Identify an Insect 31
3.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects 35
References 38
4 A History of Paleoentomology in China 41
Dong Ren, Chungkun Shih, and Taiping Gao
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923-1935) 41
4.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965-1985) 42
4.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985-Present) 43
4.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991-Present) 44
4.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000-Present) 45
References 48
5 Ephemeroptera - Mayflies 51
MeiWang, Qingqing Lin, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera 51
5.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera 53
5.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China 53
References 59
6 Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies 63
Qiang Yang, Dong Ren, Hong Pang, and Chungkun Shih
6.1 Introduction to Odonata 63
6.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata 66
6.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China 66
References 86
7 Blattaria - Cockroaches 91
Junhui Liang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
7.1 Introduction to Blattaria 91
7.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea 92
7.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China 93
References 109
8 Termitoidae - Termites 113
Zhipeng Zhao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae 113
8.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites 115
8.3 Representative Fossils of Termites from Northern China 116
References 117
9 Orthoptera - Grasshoppers and Katydids 121
Jun-Jie Gu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera 121
9.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera 122
9.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China 124
References 134
10 Notoptera - Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers 137
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 137
10.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 138
10.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China 139
References 145
11 Dermaptera - Earwigs 149
Mingyue Ren, Chungkun Shih, Changyue Xing, and Dong Ren
11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera 149
11.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera 150
11.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China 150
References 155
12 Chresmodidae -Water-Walking Insects 157
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae 157
12.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae 158
12.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China 159
References 162
13 Phasmatodea - Stick Insects and Leaf Insects 165
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, Sha Chen, and Dong Ren
13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea 165
13.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea 166
13.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China 168
References 172
14 Plecoptera - Stoneflies 175
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera 175
14.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera 176
14.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China 176
References 183
15 Psocoptera - Barklice and Booklice 185
RuiqianWang, Yunzhi Yao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera 185
15.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera 185
15.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China 186
References 187
16 Homoptera - Cicadas and Hoppers 189
Ying Wang, Xiao Zhang, Tingying Zhang, Xue Liu, Chungkun Shih, Yunzhi Yao, and Dong Ren
16.1 Introduction to Homoptera 189
16.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera 190
16.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China 192
References 218
17 Heteroptera - True Bugs 225
Sile Du, Shan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren, and Yunzhi Yao
17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera 225
17.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha 227
17.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China 228
References 262
18 Megaloptera - Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies 269
Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera 269
18.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera 269
18.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China 271
References 273
19 Raphidioptera - Snakeflies 275
Hui Fang, Yongjie Wang, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera 275
19.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera 275
19.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China 276
References 282
20 Neuroptera - Lacewings 285
Zhenzhen Chen, Shuo Huang, Yu Chang, Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 32920.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 329
21 Coleoptera - Beetles 337
Yali Yu, Zhenhua Liu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera 337
21.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera 342
21.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China 344
References 414
22 Hymenoptera - Sawflies and Wasps 429
Mei Wang, Longfeng Li, Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera 429
22.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera 435
22.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China 436
References 490
23 Diptera - True Flies with Two Wings 497
Ye Han, Xiuna Ye, Cuiping Feng, Kuiyan Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
23.1 Introduction to Diptera 497
23.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera 500
23.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China 501
References 546
24 Mecoptera - Scorpionflies and Hangingflies 555
Xiaodan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Sheng Li, and Dong Ren
24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera 555
24.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera 558
24.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China 559
References 589
25 Siphonaptera - Fleas 597
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera 597
25.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas 598
25.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China 600
References 605
26 Trichoptera - Caddisflies 607
Mei Wang,Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera 607
26.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera 607
26.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China 608
References 616
27 Lepidoptera - Butterflies and Moths 619
Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera 619
27.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera 620
27.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China 622
References 629
28 Insect Feeding 631
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, Yunzi Yao, and Dong Ren
28.1 Introduction 631
28.2 PollinationMutualism - Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms 631
28.2.1 Scorpionflies with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 631
28.2.2 Kalligrammatid Lacewings with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 632
28.3 Predation - Preying on Other Insects 635
28.3.1 Mantispid Lacewings with Raptorial Forelegs 635
28.3.2 Dipteromantispidae with Raptorial Forelegs 636
28.3.3 Hangingflies - Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae 636
28.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas 636
28.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs 639
28.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types 643
References 646
29 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning 651
Chungkun Shih, YongjieWang, and Dong Ren
29.1 Introduction 651
29.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects 651
29.2.1 Irregular Light and Dark Patches Covering the EntireWing 651
29.2.2 Irregular Dark or Light Markings on Part of the Margin and/or Center ofWing 653
29.2.3 Dispersed Dark Spots Large or Small 654
29.2.4 Dispersed Small Light Spots or Large Light Spots Surrounded by Small Dark Spots 654
29.2.5 Regular Transverse (from Anterior to Posterior Margin) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 654
29.2.6 Regular Longitudinal (from Base to the Apex) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 655
29.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects 655
29.3.1 Ancient Pinnate Leaf Mimicry among Lacewings 656
29.3.2 Mimicry and Mutualism among Hangingflies and Ginkgo Plants 657
29.4 EyespotWarning for Fossil Insects 659
29.4.1 Eyespots and Spots on the Forewings of Kalligrammatids 659
29.5 Summary and Prospects 660
References 662
30 Gene Propagation - Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation 667
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
30.1 Introduction 667
30.2 Extreme Sexual Display 667
30.3 Serenade with Love Songs 668
30.4 Sensing and Locating PotentialMates with Ramified Antennae 670
30.5 Forever Love -The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects 670
30.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts 673
30.7 Breeding - Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining 675
References 679
Index 683
List of Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Jurassic-Cretaceous Non-Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China 1
Dong Ren
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil-Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China 1
1.2.1 Yumen-Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province 1
1.2.2 Intermountain Volcanic Basins in Beijing-Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning-Southeastern Inner Mongolia 3
1.3 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China 4
1.3.1 Yanliao Entomofauna 5
1.3.2 Jehol Entomofauna in the Yanliao Area 8
1.3.3 Fuxin Entomofauna 10
1.4 Geological Ages of Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China 10
References 12
2 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems 17
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals 17
2.3 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants 24
References 28
3 Insects - In the Spotlight 31
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
3.1 Introduction to Insects 31
3.2 How to Identify an Insect 31
3.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects 35
References 38
4 A History of Paleoentomology in China 41
Dong Ren, Chungkun Shih, and Taiping Gao
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923-1935) 41
4.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965-1985) 42
4.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985-Present) 43
4.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991-Present) 44
4.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000-Present) 45
References 48
5 Ephemeroptera - Mayflies 51
MeiWang, Qingqing Lin, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera 51
5.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera 53
5.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China 53
References 59
6 Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies 63
Qiang Yang, Dong Ren, Hong Pang, and Chungkun Shih
6.1 Introduction to Odonata 63
6.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata 66
6.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China 66
References 86
7 Blattaria - Cockroaches 91
Junhui Liang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
7.1 Introduction to Blattaria 91
7.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea 92
7.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China 93
References 109
8 Termitoidae - Termites 113
Zhipeng Zhao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae 113
8.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites 115
8.3 Representative Fossils of Termites from Northern China 116
References 117
9 Orthoptera - Grasshoppers and Katydids 121
Jun-Jie Gu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera 121
9.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera 122
9.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China 124
References 134
10 Notoptera - Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers 137
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 137
10.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 138
10.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China 139
References 145
11 Dermaptera - Earwigs 149
Mingyue Ren, Chungkun Shih, Changyue Xing, and Dong Ren
11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera 149
11.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera 150
11.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China 150
References 155
12 Chresmodidae -Water-Walking Insects 157
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae 157
12.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae 158
12.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China 159
References 162
13 Phasmatodea - Stick Insects and Leaf Insects 165
Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, Sha Chen, and Dong Ren
13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea 165
13.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea 166
13.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China 168
References 172
14 Plecoptera - Stoneflies 175
Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera 175
14.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera 176
14.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China 176
References 183
15 Psocoptera - Barklice and Booklice 185
RuiqianWang, Yunzhi Yao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera 185
15.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera 185
15.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China 186
References 187
16 Homoptera - Cicadas and Hoppers 189
Ying Wang, Xiao Zhang, Tingying Zhang, Xue Liu, Chungkun Shih, Yunzhi Yao, and Dong Ren
16.1 Introduction to Homoptera 189
16.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera 190
16.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China 192
References 218
17 Heteroptera - True Bugs 225
Sile Du, Shan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren, and Yunzhi Yao
17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera 225
17.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha 227
17.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China 228
References 262
18 Megaloptera - Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies 269
Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera 269
18.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera 269
18.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China 271
References 273
19 Raphidioptera - Snakeflies 275
Hui Fang, Yongjie Wang, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih
19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera 275
19.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera 275
19.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China 276
References 282
20 Neuroptera - Lacewings 285
Zhenzhen Chen, Shuo Huang, Yu Chang, Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 32920.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 285
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 287
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290
References 329
21 Coleoptera - Beetles 337
Yali Yu, Zhenhua Liu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera 337
21.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera 342
21.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China 344
References 414
22 Hymenoptera - Sawflies and Wasps 429
Mei Wang, Longfeng Li, Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera 429
22.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera 435
22.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China 436
References 490
23 Diptera - True Flies with Two Wings 497
Ye Han, Xiuna Ye, Cuiping Feng, Kuiyan Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
23.1 Introduction to Diptera 497
23.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera 500
23.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China 501
References 546
24 Mecoptera - Scorpionflies and Hangingflies 555
Xiaodan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Sheng Li, and Dong Ren
24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera 555
24.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera 558
24.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China 559
References 589
25 Siphonaptera - Fleas 597
Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera 597
25.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas 598
25.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China 600
References 605
26 Trichoptera - Caddisflies 607
Mei Wang,Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera 607
26.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera 607
26.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China 608
References 616
27 Lepidoptera - Butterflies and Moths 619
Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren
27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera 619
27.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera 620
27.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China 622
References 629
28 Insect Feeding 631
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, Yunzi Yao, and Dong Ren
28.1 Introduction 631
28.2 PollinationMutualism - Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms 631
28.2.1 Scorpionflies with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 631
28.2.2 Kalligrammatid Lacewings with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 632
28.3 Predation - Preying on Other Insects 635
28.3.1 Mantispid Lacewings with Raptorial Forelegs 635
28.3.2 Dipteromantispidae with Raptorial Forelegs 636
28.3.3 Hangingflies - Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae 636
28.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas 636
28.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs 639
28.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types 643
References 646
29 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning 651
Chungkun Shih, YongjieWang, and Dong Ren
29.1 Introduction 651
29.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects 651
29.2.1 Irregular Light and Dark Patches Covering the EntireWing 651
29.2.2 Irregular Dark or Light Markings on Part of the Margin and/or Center ofWing 653
29.2.3 Dispersed Dark Spots Large or Small 654
29.2.4 Dispersed Small Light Spots or Large Light Spots Surrounded by Small Dark Spots 654
29.2.5 Regular Transverse (from Anterior to Posterior Margin) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 654
29.2.6 Regular Longitudinal (from Base to the Apex) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 655
29.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects 655
29.3.1 Ancient Pinnate Leaf Mimicry among Lacewings 656
29.3.2 Mimicry and Mutualism among Hangingflies and Ginkgo Plants 657
29.4 EyespotWarning for Fossil Insects 659
29.4.1 Eyespots and Spots on the Forewings of Kalligrammatids 659
29.5 Summary and Prospects 660
References 662
30 Gene Propagation - Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation 667
Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren
30.1 Introduction 667
30.2 Extreme Sexual Display 667
30.3 Serenade with Love Songs 668
30.4 Sensing and Locating PotentialMates with Ramified Antennae 670
30.5 Forever Love -The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects 670
30.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts 673
30.7 Breeding - Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining 675
References 679
Index 683
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insects; ancient insects; insect fossils; studying insect fossils; paleontology; entomology; insects and evolution; insect evolution; insects in amber; paleoecology; insect taxonomy; insects of the Jurassic period; insects of the Cretaceous periods; insects through time; cataloging insects; ancient Chinese insects; Chinese insects; insects of Northern China; understanding insects through fossilization; studying insect ecosystems; insect ecosystems; insect classification; types of insects; fossilized insects; insect morphology; Ephemeroptera; Odonata; Blattaria; Isoptera; Orthoptera; Notoptera; Dermaptera; Chresmodidae; Phasmatodea; Plecoptera; Psocoptera; Homoptera; Heteroptera; Megaloptera; Raphidioptera; Neuroptera; Coleoptera; Hymenoptera Diptera; Mecoptera; Siphonaptera; Trichoptera; Lepidoptera
