Polyurethanes

Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Polyurethane Building Blocks 10 2.1 Polyols, 11 2.1.1 Polyether Polyols, 12 2.1.2 Polyester Polyols, 28 2.1.3 Other Polyols, 42 2.1.4 Filled Polyols, 48 2.1.5 Seed Oil-Derived Polyols, 53 2.1.6 Prepolymers, 59 2.2 Isocyanates, 61 2.2.1 TDI, 63 2.2.2 Diphenylmethane Diisocyanates (MDI), 73 2.2.3 Aliphatic Isocyanates, 81 2.3 Chain Extenders, 89 3 Introduction to Polyurethane Chemistry 105 3.1 Introduction, 105 3.2 Mechanism and Catalysis of Urethane Formation, 107 3.3 Reactions of Isocyanates with Active Hydrogen Compounds, 113 3.3.1 Urea Formation, 116 3.3.2 Allophanate Formation, 117 3.3.3 Formation of Biurets, 119 3.3.4 Formation of Uretidione (isocyanate dimer), 119 3.3.5 Formation of Carbodiimide, 120 3.3.6 Formation of Uretonimine, 120 3.3.7 Formation of Amides, 123 4 Theoretical Concepts and Techniques in Polyurethane Science 127 4.1 Formation of Polyurethane Structure, 128 4.2 Properties of Polyurethanes, 137 4.2.1 Models and Calculations for Polymer Modulus, 138 4.2.2 Models for Elastomer Stress Strain Properties, 143 4.2.3 The Polyurethane Glass Transition Temperature, 152 5 Analytical Characterization of Polyurethanes 160 5.1 Analysis of Reagents for Making Polyurethanes, 161 5.1.1 Analysis of Polyols, 161 5.1.2 Analysis of Isocyanates, 166 5.2 Instrumental Analysis of Polyurethanes, 168 5.2.1 Microscopy, 169 5.2.2 IR Spectrometry, 176 5.2.3 X-Ray Analyses, 181 5.3 Mechanical Analysis, 188 5.3.1 Tensile, Tear, and Elongation Testing, 189 5.3.2 DMA, 195 5.4 N uclear Magnetic Spectroscopy, 199 6 Polyurethane Flexible Foams: Chemistry and Fabrication 207 6.1 Making Polyurethane Foams, 208 6.1.1 Slabstock Foams, 208 6.1.2 Molded Foams, 213 6.2 Foam Processes, 217 6.2.1 Surfactancy and Catalysis, 223 6.3 Flexible Foam Formulation and Structure Property Relationships, 228 6.3.1 Screening Tests, 228 6.3.2 Foam Formulation and Structure Property Relationships, 230 7 Polyurethane Flexible Foams: Manufacture, Applications, Markets, and Trends 235 7.1 Applications, 237 7.1.1 Furniture, 238 7.1.2 Mattresses and Bedding, 241 7.1.3 Transportation, 245 7.1.4 The Molded Foam Market, 246 7.2 Trends in Molded Foam Technology and Markets, 249 8 Polyurethane Rigid Foams: Manufacture, Applications, Markets, and Trends 255 8.1 Regional Market Dynamics, 255 8.2 Applications, 260 8.2.1 Construction Foams, 260 8.2.2 Rigid Construction Foam Market Segments, 272 8.2.3 Appliance Foams, 276 8.3 Blowing Agents and Insulation Fundamentals, 281 8.3.1 Blowing Agents, 281 8.3.2 Blowing Agent Phase-Out Schedule, 282 8.4 Insulation Fundamentals, 284 8.5 Trends in Rigid Foams Technology, 287 9 Polyurethane Elastomers: Manufacture, Applications, Markets, and Trends 294 9.1 Regional Market Dynamics, 295 9.2 Applications, 298 9.2.1 Footwear, 300 9.2.2 N onfootwear Elastomer Applications and Methods of Manufacture, 307 9.3 Trends in PU Elastomers, 328 10 Polyurethane Adhesives and Coatings: Manufacture, Applications, Markets, and Trends 336 10.1 Adhesive and Coating Industries: Similarities and Differences, 336 10.2 Adhesives, 339 10.2.1 Adhesive Formulations, 342 10.2.2 Trends in PU Adhesives, 350 10.3 Coatings, 353 10.3.1 PU Coating Formulations, 359 10.3.2 Trends in PU Coatings, 368 11 Special Topics: Medical Uses of Polyurethane 375 11.1 Markets and Participants, 375 11.2 Technology, 377 11.2.1 Catheters, 377 11.2.2 Wound Dressings, 380 11.2.3 Bioabsorbable Polyurethanes, 382 11.2.4 Hydrogels, 386 11.2.5 Gloves and Condoms, 387 12 Special Topic: Nonisocyanate Routes to Polyurethanes 392 12.1 Governmental Regulation of Isocyanates, 392 12.2 N onisocyanate Routes to Polyurethanes, 395 12.2.1 Reactions of Polycyclic Carbonates with Polyamines, 395 12.2.2 Direct Transformations of Amines to Urethanes, 400 12.2.3 Reactions of Polycarbamates, 403 12.2.4 Conversion of Hydroxamic Acids to Polyurethane, 404 12.2.5 Conversion of Hydroxylamines to Polyurethanes, 406 Index 409

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• Química dos polímeros
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