Oral Medicine and Pathology at a Glance

Preface vii About the companion website 1 Examination of extraoral tissues 2 Head and neck 3 Cranial nerves 3 Limbs 3 2 Examination of mouth, jaws, temporomandibular region and salivary glands 4 Mouth 5 Jaws 5 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 5 Salivary glands 5 3 Investigations: Histopathology 6 Mucosal biopsy 7 Brush biopsy 7 Labial salivary gland biopsy 7 4 Investigations: Microbiology 8 5 Investigations: Imaging 10 6 Investigations: Blood tests 12 Referring a patient for specialist opinion 12 7 Anatomical variants and developmental anomalies 14 Fordyce spots ( Fordyce granules ) 15 Fissured tongue (scrotal or plicated tongue) 15 Stafne cyst or bone cavity 15 Torus palatinus 15 Torus mandibularis 15 Varicosities 15 8 Blisters 16 Angina bullosa hemorrhagica (localized oral purpura; traumatic oral hemophlyctenosis) 17 9 Blisters, infections: Herpes simplex virus 18 Herpes simplex 18 Recurrent herpes labialis 19 Recurrent intraoral herpes 19 10 Blisters infections: Varicella zoster virus 20 Chickenpox (varicella) 21 Zoster (shingles) 21 11 Blisters, skin diseases: Pemphigus 22 Pemphigus 23 12 Blisters, skin diseases: Pemphigoid 24 13 Pigmented lesions 26 Superficial discoloration 26 Hairy tongue (black hairy tongue; lingua villosa nigra) 27 14 Pigmented lesions: Ethnic pigmentation and tattoos 28 Ethnic pigmentation 29 Foreign body tattoos 29 15 Pigmented lesions: Melanotic macule 30 16 Pigmented lesions: Nevus and others 31 Adenocorticotrophic hormone effects (ACTH) 31 17 Pigmented lesions: Malignant melanoma 32 18 Red and purple lesions 34 Purpura 34 19 Red and purple lesions: Desquamative gingivitis, mucositis 35 Desquamative gingivitis 35 Mucositis 35 20 Red and purple lesions: Erythematous candidosis 36 Acute candidosis 36 Chronic candidosis 37 Denture-related stomatitis (denture sore mouth; chronic atrophic candidosis) 37 Angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis; perleche) 37 Median rhomboid glossitis (central papillary atrophy of the tongue) 37 21 Red and purple lesions: Angiomas 38 Hemangioma 38 Venous lake (venous varix; senile hemangioma of lip) 38 Lymphangioma 38 22 Red and purple lesions: Proliferative vascular lesions, Kaposi sarcoma 39 Proliferative vascular lesions 39 Kaposi sarcoma 39 23 Red and purple lesions: Erythroplakia 40 Erythroplakia (erythroplasia) 40 24 Red and purple lesions: Erythema migrans (lingual erythema migrans; benign migratory glossitis; geographical tongue; continental tongue) 41 25 Swellings: Hereditary conditions, drug-induced swellings 42 Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) 43 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency (hereditary angioedema) 43 Drug-induced gingival swelling 43 26 Swellings: Infections, human papilloma virus 44 Papilloma 44 Warts (verrucae) 45 Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease) 45 Koilocytic dysplasia 45 HPV and oral cancer 45 27 Swellings: Granulomatous conditions 46 Sarcoidosis 46 Crohn disease and orofacial granulomatosis 46 28 Swellings: Reactive lesions 48 Denture-induced hyperplasia (epulis fissuratum) 49 Fibroepithelial polyp (fibrous lump) 49 Fibroma 49 Giant cell epulis (peripheral giant cell granuloma) 49 Pyogenic granuloma 49 29 Swellings: Malignant neoplasms, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 50 30 Swellings: Malignant neoplasms, lymphoma, metastatic neoplasms 52 Lymphomas 53 Metastatic oral neoplasms 53 31 Ulcers and erosions: Local causes, drug-induced ulcers 54 Local causes 54 Eosinophilic ulcer (traumatic eosinophilic granuloma; traumatic ulcerative granulomatous disease) 54 Drug-induced ulcers (stomatitis medicamentosa) 55 32 Ulcers and erosions: Aphthae 56 33 Ulcers and erosions: Aphthous-like ulcers 58 Behcet syndrome (BS, Behcet disease) 59 34 Ulcers and erosions: Blood diseases, gastrointestinal disorders 60 Blood diseases 60 Leukemias 60 Gastrointestinal disorders 61 Celiac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy) 61 35 Ulcers and erosions: Infections 62 Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFM; vesicular stomatitis with exanthem) 62 Herpangina 62 Bacterial infections 63 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Vincent disease; acute ulcerative gingivitis, AUG, ANG, ANUG) 63 Syphilis 63 Gonorrhea 63 Tuberculosis 63 36 Ulcers and erosions: Erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome 64 Erythema multiforme 65 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, Lyell syndrome) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) 65 37 White lesions: Candidosis (candidiasis) 66 Acute pseudomembranous candidosis 66 Chronic hyperplastic candidosis (Candidal leukoplakia) 67 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (CMC) 67 38 White lesions: Keratosis, leukoplakia 68 Tobacco-related keratosis 69 Leukoplakia 69 39 White lesions: Hairy leukoplakia, lichen planus 70 Hairy leukoplakia 70 Lichen planus (LP) and lichenoid reactions 71 40 Salivary conditions: Salivary swelling and salivary excess 72 Salivary swelling 73 Saliva excess (sialorrhea, hypersialia, hypersalivation, ptyalism) and drooling 73 41 Salivary conditions: Dry mouth 74 42 Salivary conditions: Sjoegren syndrome 76 43 Salivary conditions: Sialolithiasis, sialadenitis 78 Sialolithiasis 78 Sialadenitis 78 Sialadenitis: Acute viral (mumps) 78 Sialadenitis: Acute bacterial ascending 79 Sialadenitis: Chronic bacterial 79 Sialadenitis: Recurrent parotitis of childhood 79 44 Salivary conditions: Neoplasms 80 Benign neoplasms (adenomas) 81 Malignant neoplasms 81 45 Salivary conditions: Mucoceles, sialosis 82 Mucoceles (mucous cyst; mucus extravasation phenomenon; myxoid cyst) 83 Sialosis (sialadenosis) 83 46 Neck swelling 84 Discrete swellings in the neck 85 Cervical lymphadenopathy 85 Unexplained lymphadenopathy 85 Diffuse swelling of the neck 85 47 Neck swelling: Cervical lymphadenopathy in generalized lymphadenopathy 86 Systemic infections 87 Inflammatory disorders (not known to be infective) 87 Neoplastic causes 87 Drugs 87 Others 87 48 Neurological conditions: Bell palsy, and trigeminal sensory loss 88 Bell palsy 89 Trigeminal sensory loss 89 49 Neurological conditions and pain: Local, referred and vascular 90 Local causes of orofacial pain 90 Referred causes of orofacial pain 91 Vascular causes of orofacial pain 91 50 Neurological conditions and pain: Trigeminal neuralgia 92 Trigeminal neuralgia 93 51 Neurological conditions and pain: Psychogenic (idiopathic facial pain, idiopathic odontalgia and burning mouth syndrome (oral dysesthesia)) 94 Persistent idiopathic, or unexplained (atypical) facial pain (IFP) 95 Burning mouth syndrome (BMS, glossopyrosis, glossodynia, oral dysesthesia, scalded mouth syndrome, or stomatodynia) 95 52 Jaw conditions: Temporomandibular pain-dysfunction 96 Temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome (TMPD), myofascial pain dysfunction (MFD), facial arthromyalgia (FAM), mandibular dysfunction, or mandibular stress syndrome 97 53 Jaw bone conditions: Radiolucencies and radiopacities 98 Radiolucencies 98 Radiopacities 99 Mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesions 99 54 Jaw bone conditions: Odontogenic diseases and cysts 100 Odontogenic infections 101 Odontogenic cysts 101 55 Jaw bone conditions: Odontogenic tumors 102 Benign odontogenic tumors 102 Malignant odontogenic tumors 103 56 Jaw conditions: Bone disorders 104 Non-neoplastic diseases 105 Neoplastic disorders 105 57 Jaw bone conditions: Fibro-osseous lesions 106 Osseous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD), periapical cemental or cemento-osseous dysplasia (PCD) 107 Cherubism 107 Fibrous dysplasia 107 Hypercementosis 107 Ossifying fibroma (cemento-ossifying fibroma) 107 Paget disease of bone 107 58 Maxillary sinus conditions 108 Rhinosinusitis (sinusitis) 109 Neoplasms 109 59 Oral malodor 110 60 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS 112 Index 115

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• Odontologia
• Gastroenterologia