Nutraceutical Fatty Acids from Oleaginous Microalgae

Nutraceutical Fatty Acids from Oleaginous Microalgae

A Human Health Perspective

Patel, Alok Kumar; Matsakas, Leonidas

John Wiley & Sons Inc

09/2020

368

Dura

Inglês

9781119631712

15 a 20 dias

620

Descrição não disponível.
1 Introduction to Essential Fatty Acids 1
Alok Patel, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos and Leonidas Matsakas

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Biosynthesis of PUFAs 4

1.3 Sources of Essential Fatty Acids and Daily Intake Requirement 5

1.4 Biological Role of Essential Fatty Acids 7

1.4.1 Effect on Cell Membrane Structure 7

1.4.2 Impact on Vision 9

1.4.3 Brain Function 9

1.4.4 Biosynthesis of Lipid Mediators 10

1.4.5 Effect of Omega Fatty Acids on the Regulation of Gene Expression 10

1.5 Effect of Essential Fatty Acid on Human Health (Disease Prevention and Treatment) 10

1.5.1 Neonatal Development 10

1.5.2 Gestation and Pregnancy 11

1.5.3 Cardiovascular Disease 11

1.5.4 Cancer Inhibition 12

1.5.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis 12

1.5.6 Effect on Suicide Risk in Mood Disorders 12

1.6 Concluding Remarks 12

References 13

2 Nutraceutical Fatty Acid Production in Marine Microalgae and Cyanobacteria 23
Anders K. Nilsson, Carlos Jimenez and Angela Wulff

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 26

2.3 Glycerolipid Synthesis and Lipid Accumulation 30

2.4 Current LC-PUFA Sources and the Potential Benefits of Using Marine Microalgae 32

2.5 Nutraceutical Fatty Acids in Marine Microalgae and Species of Interest 35

2.5.1 ?-Linolenic Acid (18:3 n-3, ?9,12,15) 37

2.5.2 Stearidonic Acid (18:4 n-3, ?6,9,12,15) 38

2.5.3 Eicosanoid Acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3, ?5,8,11,14,17) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3, ?4,7,10,13,16,19) 38

2.5.4 Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5 n-3, ?7,10,13,16,19) 39

2.5.5 ?-Linolenic Acid (18:3 n-6, ?6,9,12) 40

2.5.6 Arachidonic Acid (20:4 n-6, ?5,8,11,14) 41

2.6 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cultivation 42

2.7 Cultivation from Laboratory to Industrial Scale 43

2.8 Optimizing Growth Condition to Promote Lipid Accumulation and Desired FA Profiles 48

2.8.1 Temperature Effect 49

2.8.2 Irradiance 50

2.8.3 Growth Rate 52

2.8.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorous 52

2.8.5 Co2 53

2.8.6 Salinity 54

2.9 Genetic Engineering to Promote Lipid Accumulation and Tailoring of Fatty Acid Profiles 54

2.10 Conclusions 56

2.11 Acknowledgements 57

References 57

3 Production of PUFAs as Dietary and Health Supplements from Oleaginous Microalgae Utilizing Inexpensive Renewable Substrates 77
Dimitra Karageorgou, Georgios Bakratsas and Petros Katapodis

3.1 Introduction 78

3.2 PUFAs as Dietary and Health Supplements 79

3.3 Microalgae as Source of PUFAs 82

3.4 Systems for Microalgal Cultivation 89

3.5 Use of Alternative Substrates for Microalgal Growth 90

3.6 Factors that Affect the Heterotrophic and/or Mixotrophic Cultures 97

3.7 Conclusions 101

3.8 Future Perspectives 101

3.9 Acknowledgements 102

References 102

4 Lipid and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid Production by Oleaginous Microorganisms Cultivated on Hydrophobic Substrates 115
Markella Tzirita, Brid Quilty and Seraphim Papanikolaou

4.1 Lipid Production (Single Cell Oil) 116

4.2 Lipid Biodegradation and Synthesis 118

4.3 Hydrophobic Substrates 122

4.3.1 Waste Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG) 122

4.3.2 Olive-Mill Wastewater (OMW) 123

4.4 Oleaginous Microorganisms 124

4.5 Conclusions 127

References 136

5 Overview of Microbial Production of Omega-3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 145
Farha Deeba, Kukkala Kiran Kumar and Naseem A. Gaur

5.1 Introduction 145

5.2 Microbial Sources of ?-3 PUFA 146

5.3 ?-3 PUFA Biosynthesis in Microbial Cells 149

5.3.1 Aerobic Desaturase and Elongase Pathway 151

5.3.2 Anaerobic Polyketide Synthase (PKS) Pathway 153

5.4 Factors Affecting ?-3 PUFA Production 154

5.4.1 Temperature 154

5.4.2 pH 155

5.4.3 Aeration 155

5.4.4 Media Composition 155

5.4.5 Incubation Time 156

5.5 Stabilization of ?-3 PUFA 156

5.6 Conclusions 157

References 157

6 Autotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae for the Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 165
Pallavi Saxena, Mukesh Kumar and Harish

6.1 Introduction 165

6.2 Importance of PUFAs 170

6.3 Biosynthesis of PUFA in Autotrophic Algae 171

6.4 Harvesting of Algae and Extraction of Fatty Acids 173

6.5 Metabolic Engineering Towards Increasing Production of PUFA's by Algae 175

6.6 Conclusion 178

6.7 Acknowledgement 178

References 178

7 Production of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA from Food Crops and Fishes 187
Km Sartaj and R. Prasad

7.1 Introduction 188

7.2 PUFA as a Dietary Supplement 189

7.2.1 Omega-3 (n-3) Fatty Acids 189

7.2.2 Omega-6 (n-6) Fatty Acids 190

7.2.3 Health Aspects and Physiological Functions of PUFA 190

7.3 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of PUFA 191

7.4 Potential Commodities for PUFA Production 193

7.4.1 Food Crops 193

7.4.1.1 Soybean Seeds 197

7.4.1.2 Rapeseed 197

7.4.1.3 Safflower 198

7.4.1.4 Sesame and Linseed 198

7.4.1.5 Sunflower 198

7.4.2 Transgenic Plants 198

7.4.3 Fishes 198

7.4.3.1 Fish Bioecology and Lipid Content 199

7.5 Alternate Sources of PUFA 200

7.6 Future Avenues 200

7.7 Conclusion 203

References 203

8 The Role of Metabolic Engineering for Enhancing PUFA Production in Microalgae 209
Neha Arora

8.1 Introduction 209

8.2 LC-PUFA Biosynthesis in Microalgae 212

8.2.1 Conventional Aerobic Pathway 212

8.2.2 Anaerobic Pathway 214

8.3 Identification and Characterization of Enzymes Involved in PUFA Synthesis 214

8.4 Metabolic Engineering for Enhancing the LC-PUFA

Production in Microalgae 215

8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 222

References 223

9 Health Perspective of Nutraceutical Fatty Acids; (Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids) 227
Sneha Sawant Desai and Varsha Kelkar Mane

9.1 Introduction 228

9.1.1 Biochemistry of Fatty Acids 228

9.1.2 Overview of Fatty Acid Synthesis 231

9.1.3 Strategies for PUFA Accumulation in Microalgae 232

9.2 Health Benefits of PUFA 234

9.2.1 Omega-6 Fatty Acids 234

9.2.1.1 Linoleic Acid (LA) 234

9.2.1.2 ?-Linolenic Acid (GLA) 234

9.2.1.3 Arachidonic Acid (ARA) 235

9.2.2 Omega-3 Fatty Acids 236

9.2.2.1 Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) 236

9.2.2.2 Stearidonic Acid (SDA) 237

9.2.2.3 Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA) 237

9.2.2.4 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 239

9.3 Conclusion 240

References 241

10 Extraction and Purification of PUFA from Microbial Biomass 249
Amit Kumar Sharma, Venkateswarlu Chintala, Praveen Ghodke, Parteek Prasher and Alok Patel

10.1 Introduction 250

10.2 Biochemical Composition of Microalgae 251

10.2.1 Carbohydrates 251

10.2.2 Proteins 252

10.2.3 Lipids 252

10.3 Microalgae as a Source of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 253

10.4 Composition of PUFAs in Microbial Biomass 254

10.5 Methods of Lipid Extraction from Microbial Biomass 255

10.5.1 Microalgae Cell Disruption Methods 256

10.5.1.1 Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods 257

10.5.1.2 Non-Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods 260

10.5.2 Lipid Extraction Methods 260

10.5.2.1 Mechanical Extraction Method 261

10.5.2.2 Solvent Extraction Methods 261

10.5.2.3 Green Solvents Extraction Methods 264

10.5.2.4 Supercritical Extraction Method 265

10.6 Purification and Enrichment of PUFAs 266

10.6.1 Low-Temperature Crystallization Enrichment 270

10.6.2 Urea Complexation 270

10.6.3 Distillation Method 271

10.6.4 Enzymatic Purification 271

10.6.5 Chromatographic Separation 272

10.6.6 Supercritical Fluid Fractionation (SFF) 273

10.7 Concluding Remarks 273

References 274

11 Market Perspective of EPA and DHA Production from Microalgae 281
Jyoti Sharma, Pampi Sarmah and Narsi R Bishnoi

11.1 Introduction 281

11.2 Categories of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits 283

11.3 Brain Development 284

11.4 Cardiovascular Diseases 285

11.5 Present Sources of Omega-3 PUFAs 286

11.6 Why Microalgae? 287

11.7 Factors Affecting Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Microalgae 289

11.8 Algal Oil Extraction, Purification and Its Refining Techniques 291

11.9 Microalgae as a Boon for Long-Chain Omega-3 PUFAs 292

References 294

12 Oleaginous Microalgae - A Potential Tool for Biorefinery-Based Industry 299
Riti Thapar Kapoor

12.1 Introduction 299

12.2 Industrial Applications of Microalgae 302

12.3 Use of Microalgae as Biofertilizer 302

12.4 Microalgae as a Food Component 303

12.5 Microalgae as a Nutraceutical 303

12.6 Pigments and Carotenoids 304

12.7 Phycobilins 305

12.8 Fatty Acids 305

12.9 Animal Nutrition 306

12.10 Safety Related Issues Related to Microalgal Nutraceuticals 307

12.11 Application in Pharmaceutical Industry 307

12.12 Utilization of Microalgae in Cosmetics Production 308

12.13 Microalgal Application in Wastewater Treatment 308

12.14 Factors Affecting Lipid Production in Microalgae 309

12.14.1 Light Intensity 309

12.14.2 Temperature 309

12.14.3 Nutrient Availability 310

12.14.4 Salinity Stress 310

12.14.5 Metal Stress 313

12.15 Application of Microalgae in Biofuel Production 313

12.15.1 Advantages of Using Microalgae for Biofuel Production 313

12.16 Biodiesel 315

12.17 Biogas 315

12.18 Hydrogen 315

12.19 Biosyngas 316

12.20 Ethanol 316

12.21 Cultivation of Microalgae for Biofuel Production 316

12.21.1 Open Microalgal System 316

12.21.2 Closed Microalgal System 317

12.21.3 Hybrid Microalgal System 317

12.22 Current Research Status in India 317

12.23 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospectives 318

12.24 Acknowledgements 318

References 318

Index 331
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