Integrating Program Management and Systems Engineering

List of Figures xxvii List of Tables xxxiii Foreword: Practices, Knowledge, and Innovation xxxv Preface xxxix Reference xli Acknowledgments xliii Introduction xlvii The Origins of an Important Collaboration xlvii Creating a Knowledge Foundation through Exploratory Research xlviii Phase I Study xlix Phase II and III Studies l Phase IV Study li Strengths and Limitations of the Research Foundation lii Integrating Practitioner Knowledge with Research lii Overview of the Book liii References liv PART I: IN SEARCH OF INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS 1 1 TOWARD A NEW MINDSET 3 1.1 Striving for Perfection in Complex Work 3 1.2 Boldly Going Again Where People Have Gone Before 4 1.3 Strategy Realization Requires Good Management 8 1.4 Workforce + Organizational Capabilities = Competitive Advantage 10 1.5 Rays of Hope 12 1.6 Trekking toward a New Mindset 12 1.7 Summary 14 1.8 Discussion Questions 14 1.9 References 14 2 THE ENGINEERING PROGRAM PERFORMANCE CHALLENGE 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Making White Elephants Extinct 17 2.3 Large Engineering Programs Are Complex 20 2.4 We Need a Better Solution 31 2.5 Summary 31 2.6 Discussion Questions 33 2.7 References 33 Additional Resources 36 3 THE FEATURES OF SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATION OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 37 3.1 A Major Engineering Program Failure? 37 3.2 Bridging Boundaries to Foster Program Success 40 3.3 Contributors to Success in Action 42 3.4 Summary 47 3.5 Discussion Questions 48 3.6 References 48 Additional Resources 49 4 THE CASE FOR INTEGRATING PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT 51 4.1 The Roots of Nonintegration 51 4.2 Program Management and Systems Engineering Are Different 52 4.3 Program Management 53 4.4 Systems Engineering 62 4.5 Why Divergence Is Such a Problem 69 4.6 Integrating Is Difficult, but Not Impossible 75 4.7 Discussion Questions 76 4.8 References 76 Additional Resources 78 5 KEY CONCEPTS IN INTEGRATION 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Assessing Integration between Disciplines 79 5.3 Attributes of Integration in Complex Organizations 83 5.4 Practitioner Perspectives on Integration 88 5.5 Summary 93 5.6 Discussion Questions 94 5.7 References 95 PART II: BUILDING CAPABILITIES TO EFFECTIVELY EXECUTE ENGINEERING PROGRAMS 97 6 HOW INTEGRATION WORKS IN PROGRAMS 99 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 The Integration Framework 99 6.3 Summary 115 6.4 Discussion Questions 115 6.5 References 116 7 INTEGRATION IN PRACTICE IN THE F/A-18E/F SUPER HORNET PROGRAM 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Program Background and the Context of Integration 121 7.3 Twelve Days of August: A Start on the Integration Journey 122 7.4 Enabling Integration by Reducing Program Complexity 124 7.5 A Parallel Process in NAVAIR to Improve Integration 125 7.6 The E/F Program Pilots a New Way of Working Together 126 7.7 Improved Decision Making 128 7.8 Program Delivery 138 7.9 Integration Practices Observed in the F/A-18E/F Program 140 7.10 Summary 140 7.11 Discussion Questions 141 7.12 References 142 8 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INTEGRATION PROCESSES, PRACTICES, AND TOOLS 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Episodic Integration Mechanisms 144 8.3 Pervasive Integration Mechanisms 151 8.4 A Note on Tailoring 164 8.5 Summary 165 8.6 Discussion Questions 166 8.7 References 166 Additional Resources 168 9 THE ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 169 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Structural Dimensions of Integration 169 9.3 Organizational Environmental Factors 174 9.4 The Challenges of Integration in Large-Scale Programs: Systems Failure 178 9.5 Characteristics of Successful Program Integration 180 9.6 The International Space Station: A Model in Systems Integration 182 9.7 Summary 185 9.8 Discussion Questions 186 9.9 References 186 Additional Resources 189 10 DEVELOPING INTEGRATION COMPETENCIES IN PEOPLE 191 10.1 Introduction 191 10.2 Identifying Integration Competencies 194 10.3 Developing Integration Competencies 198 10.4 Managing Integration Competencies 207 10.5 Summary 210 10.6 Discussion Questions 211 10.7 References 211 Additional Resources 215 11 INTEGRATION THROUGHOUT THE PROGRAM LIFE CYCLE 217 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Integration and the Generic Life Cycle 217 11.3 Life Cycle Stages for Systems Engineering 219 11.4 Program Management Life Cycle Characteristics 220 11.5 Large-Scale Infrastructure Programs 225 11.6 Life Cycle Integration 227 11.7 Leadership Styles for the Big Dig s Five Stages of Program Management 232 11.8 Summary 233 11.9 Discussion Questions 233 11.10 References 234 Additional Resources 236 12 THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION ON PROGRAM PERFORMANCE 237 12.1 Introduction 237 12.2 Program Performance 237 12.3 Measuring Integration in Programs 240 12.4 Integration as a Catalyst for Program Performance 244 12.5 Case Study: Electronic Support Upgrade for the Royal Australian Navy s Anzac Class Frigate 249 12.6 Summary 255 12.7 Discussion Questions 256 12.8 References 256 PART III: DEVELOPING INTEGRATION COMPETENCIES IN YOUR ORGANIZATION 259 13 INTEGRATION MEANS CHANGE 261 13.1 Introduction: The Case for Change 261 13.2 The Need to Be Thoughtful about Change 262 13.3 Frameworks and Models for Change 265 13.4 Readiness Assessment 271 13.5 The Road Ahead and How to Prepare for It 273 13.6 Summary 273 13.7 Discussion Questions 274 13.8 References 275 Additional Resources 276 14 SUCCESSFUL CHANGE PROGRAMS THAT IMPROVED INTEGRATION 279 14.1 Introduction 279 14.2 Redefining What Is Possible: The Marriage of Systems Engineering and Program Management at Lockheed Missiles & Space Company 280 14.3 Using Certification to Foster Integration in U.S. Government Agency Acquisition Programs 284 14.4 Integrating Software Engineering and Program Management at Nationwide 287 14.5 Managing Change in Engineering Program Organizations: Boosting Productivity in BMW s Engineering Department 291 14.6 Delivering the World s Most Complex Inner-City Infrastructure Program: Boston s Big Dig 299 14.7 Summary 303 14.8 Discussion Questions 305 14.9 References 306 15 LEADING AN INTEGRATION CHANGE PROGRAM 309 15.1 Introduction 309 15.2 Understanding the Work Ahead: The Organizational Context 310 15.3 Planning for Change within the Organizational Context 312 15.4 Putting the Four Input Dimensions for Change Together 329 15.5 Practices to Consider 334 15.6 Summary 338 15.7 References 339 PART IV: A CALL TO ACTION 341 16 CALLS TO ACTION 343 16.1 Call to Action for Academia: Help Budding Professionals Learn to Adapt 344 16.2 Call to Action for Enterprise: Build the Right Engine for Strategy Implementation 349 16.3 Call to Action for Policymakers: Refocus Oversight and Accountability in the Right Ways 353 16.4 Call to Action for Industry and Professional Societies: Take an Interdisciplinary View 357 16.5 Call to Action for Researchers: Explore Interdisciplinary Systems 359 16.6 References 361 AFTERWORD: TOWARD AN INTEGRATED FUTURE 365 The Case for Integration 365 New Insights Gained Along the Way 366 The Path Forward 368 GLOSSARY 371 INDEX 381

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• Engenharia de produção
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