Horticultural Reviews, Volume 46

Contributors ix

Dedication: Guglielmo Costa xiii
A. Ross Ferguson

1. Recent Advances in Sexual Propagation and Breeding of Garlic 1
Einat Shemesh-Mayer and Rina Kamenetsky Goldstein

I. Introduction 2

II. Horticultural Diversity and Genetic Resources 3

III. Life Cycle and the Flowering Process 6

IV. Fertility Barriers 16

V. Unlocking Variability by Sexual Reproduction 24

VI. Concluding Remarks 29

Literature Cited 29

2. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks 39
Boris Basile and Theodore M. DeJong

I. Introduction 40

II. Biological Complexity of Grafted Fruit Trees and Rootstock-Scion Interactions 42

III. Physiology of the Dwarfism Induced by Rootstocks in Fruit Trees 52

IV. Conclusions 81

Literature Cited 83

3. Turmeric: Botany and Production Practices 99
D. Prasath, K. Kandiannan, N.K. Leela, S. Aarthi,B. Sasikumar, and K. Nirmal Babu

I. Introduction 102

II. Botany 104

III. Biochemistry 110

IV. Plant Genetic Resources and Breeding 116

V. Biotechnology 122

VI. Horticultural Management 133

VII. Postharvest Processing 154

VIII. Future Prospects 156

Literature Cited 157

4. Fruit Thinning: Advances and Trends 185
Guglielmo Costa, Alessandro Botton, and Giannina Vizzotto

I. Introduction 186

II. Thinning 191

III. Abscission Physiology 206

IV. Future Perspectives 212

Literature Cited 217

5. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere): Perspectives from its Northwestern
Range Limit 227
Emily K. Ellingson, Stan C. Hokanson, and James M. Bradeen

I. Introduction and History 228

II. Ecology 232

III. Horticulture 239

IV. Conservation 243

V. Conclusion 246

Literature Cited 247

6. Apple Crop Load Management with Special Focus on Early Thinning Strategies: A US Perspective 255
Thomas M. Kon and James R. Schupp

I. Introduction 256

II. Pruning to Reduce Crop Load 259

III. Blossom Thinners 263

IV. Integrated Crop Load Management Strategies 285

V. Conclusion 286

Acknowledgments 288

Literature Cited 289

7. Grow Us Our Daily Bread: A Review of Breadfruit Cultivation in Traditional and Contemporary Systems 299
Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Diane Ragone, Nyree J.C. Zerega Laura B. Roberts-Nkrumah, Mark Merlin, and
A. Maxwell P. Jones

I. Introduction 301

II. Botanical Classification 303

III. Origins 306

IV. Pacific Distribution 309

V. Archeological Evidence of Breadfruit 310

VI. Traditional Cultivation 311

VII. Traditional Uses 317

VIII. Historical Movement 320

IX. Climate, Range, and Ecology 323

X. Physiology 325

XI. Morphology 326

XII. Reproductive Biology 328

XIII. Growth and Development 330

XIV. Agronomy 336

XV. Diseases 351

XVI. Pests 360

XVII. Conclusions and Future Research Needs 363

Literature Cited 366

8. Kiwifruit Biology: The Commercial Implications of Fruit Maturation 385
Jeremy N. Burdon

I. Introduction 386

II. Kiwifruit in Global Trade 387

III. Harvest Indices 389

IV. Fruit Development 391

V. Physical and Compositional Changes During Maturation 394

VI. What are we Missing About Fruit Maturation? 403

VII. Postharvest Performance 405

VIII. Commercial Implications of Understanding Maturation 410

IX. Concluding Comments 413

Acknowledgments 415

Literature Cited 415

Subject Index 423

Cumulative Subject Index 427

Cumulative Contributor Index 465

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