Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies
-15%
portes grátis
Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies
Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic / Hybrid Polymers
;
John Wiley & Sons Inc
10/2015
432
Dura
Inglês
9781119041467
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
Preface xv 1 Smart Hydrogels: Therapeutic Advancements in Hydrogel Technology for Smart Drug Delivery Applications 1 Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Diwakar Kanwar, Derek Macken, Luke Geever, Declan M. Devine and Michael J.D. Nugent 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types and Properties of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 4 1.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels 4 1.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 5 1.2.3 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 7 1.2.4 Electro-Signal Sensitive Hydrogels 8 1.2.5 Light-Sensitive Hydrogels 8 1.2.6 Multi-Responsive Smart Hydrogels 10 1.3 Applications of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 11 1.4 Conclusion 11 References 13 2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 17 Ambareesh Kumar Singh, Neha Gupta, Juhi Srivastava, Archana Kushwaha and Meenakshi Singh 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics 19 2.3 Sulfonamides 36 2.4 Miscellaneous 41 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 48 2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 48 References 50 3 Polymeric Stabilizers for Drug Nanocrystals 67 Leena Peltonen, Annika Tuomela and Jouni Hirvonen 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Methods for Nanocrystallization 68 3.2.1 Bottom-Up Technologies 69 3.2.2 Top-Down Technologies 69 3.2.3 Combination Technologies 71 3.4 Polymers for Nanocrystal Stabilization 73 3.4.1 Polymers of Natural Origin 75 3.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 77 3.5 Effect of Stabilizing Polymers on Drug Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Membrane Permeability and Drug Absorption 79 3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 82 References 82 4 Polymeric Matrices for the Controlled Release of Phosphonate Active Agents for Medicinal Applications 89 Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou and Konstantinos D. Demadis 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Polymers in Drug Delivery 91 4.2.1 Polyesters 92 4.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Their Copolymers 92 4.2.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers 93 4.2.1.3 Poly(ortho esters) 94 4.2.1.4 Poly(anhydrides) 96 4.2.1.5 Poly(anhydride imides) 97 4.2.1.6 Poly(anhydrite esters) 98 4.2.2 Poly(amides) 99 4.2.3 Poly(iminocarbonates) 100 4.3 Release of Phosphonate-Based Drugs 100 4.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 114 References 115 5 Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical Applications 125 Veena Koul, Sirsendu Bhowmick and Th anusha A.V. 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 What are Hydrogels? 126 5.3 Classification of Hydrogels 126 5.4 Preparation of Hydrogels 127 5.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 128 5.6 Application of Hydrogels 131 5.6.1 Wound Dressing 131 5.6.2 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 133 5.6.3 Tissue Engineering Substitute 134 5.6.4 Injectable Hydrogels 136 5.7 Conclusion 137 Acknowledgement 138 References 138 6 Responsive Plasmid DNA Hydrogels: A New Approach for Biomedical Applications 145 Diana Costa, Artur J.M. Valente and Joao Queiroz 6.2 DNA-Based Hydrogels 147 6.3 Controlled and Sustained Release 150 6.3.1 Photodisruption of Plasmid DNA Networks 150 6.3.2 Release of Plasmid DNA 152 6.3.3 Release of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 154 6.3.4 In Vitro Studies 155 6.4 Combination of Chemo and Gene Therapies 156 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158 References 159 7 Bioactive and Compatible Polysaccharides Hydrogels Structure and Properties for Pharmaceutical Applications 163 Teresa Cristina F. Silva, Andressa Antunes Prado de Franca and Lucian A. Lucia 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Materials and Methods 164 7.2.1 Isolation of Xylans 166 7.2.1.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166 7.2.1.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166 7.2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization 166 7.2.2.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166 7.2.2.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166 7.2.3 Doxorubicin Release from Xylan-Based Hydrogels 167 7.3 Results and Discussion 167 7.3.1 Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 167 7.3.1.1 Reaction of PAA with Wood 167 7.3.1.2 Hydrogel Preparation and Characterization 168 7.3.2 Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 170 7.3.2.1 Morphology and Rheological Properties 172 7.3.2.2 Swelling Behavior 173 7.3.2.3 Drug Release 174 References 175 8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Analysis 179 Piotr Luli ski 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Overview of the Imprinting Process 180 8.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Separation Purposes 182 8.3.1 Bulk Imprinted Materials 182 8.3.2 Imprinted Monoliths 185 8.3.3 Imprinted Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 187 8.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Microparticles and Nanostructures 188 8.3.5 Magnetic Imprinted Materials 192 8.3.6 Miscellaneous Imprinted Formats 194 8.4 Molecularly Imprinted Sensors for Drugs 195 8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 197 References 1979 Prolamine-Based Matrices for Biomedical Applications 203 Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara and Viness Pillay 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Gliadin Prolamine Isolated from Wheat Gluten 204 9.2.1 Gliadin Nanoparticles 205 9.2.1.1 Hydrophobicity of Gliadin 206 9.2.1.2 Solubility Parameter 207 9.2.2 Controlled Drug Release from Gliadin-Based Matrices 207 9.2.2.1 Salting-Out 207 9.2.2.2 Gliadin Films 208 9.2.2.3 Gliadin Foams 209 9.3 Zein - Prolamine Isolated from Corn Gluten Meal 209 9.3.1 Drug-Loaded Zein Particulates 210 9.3.1.1 Microsphere-Based Films and Tablets 210 9.3.1.2 Zein-Based Blends and Complexes 213 9.3.1.3 Zein-Based Nanoparticulate Systems 213 9.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Zein-Based Matrices 215 9.4 Soy Protein Prolamine Isolated from Soybean 217 9.4.1 Soy Protein Derivatives 218 9.4.2 Soy-Based Polymer Blends 218 9.4.3 Soy-Based Crosslinked Matrices 219 9.4.4 Cold-Set Gelation of Soy Protein 221 9.5 Kafi rin Prolamine Isolated from Sorghum 222 9.5.1 Microparticles 223 9.5.2 Compressed Matrices 224 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 224 References 225 10 Hydrogels Based on Poly(2-oxazoline) S for Pharmaceutical Applications 230 Anna Zahoranova and Juraj Kronek 10.1 Hydrogels for Medical Applications 231 10.1.1 Controlled Drug Delivery and Release 232 10.1.1.1 Prolonged Effect of Drugs 232 10.1.1.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery 234 10.1.2 3D Cell Cultivation 236 10.1.2.1 Chemical Composition 237 10.1.2.2 Porosity and Pore Size 238 10.1.3 Tissue Engineering 238 10.1.4 Nonenzymatic Detachment of Cells 239 10.2 Poly(2-oxazoline)s in Pharmaceutical Applications 240 10.2.1 Biocompatibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 241 10.2.2 Biomedical Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 244 10.3 Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels Synthetic Strategies 245 10.3.1 Hydrogels Containing Segments of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 245 10.3.2 Crosslinked Poly(2-oxazoline)s 248 10.4 Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels 250 10.4.1 Controlled Delivery of Drugs 250 10.4.1.1 Hydrogels for DNA Binding 251 10.4.1.2 Hydrogels Modifi ed by Peptidic Sequences 252 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 254 11 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Nanostructures as Drug Nanocarriers: Advantages and Pharmaceutical Perspectives 259 Natassa Pippa, Stergios Pispas and Costas Demetzos 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Drug Delivery Systems 261 11.2.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems 261 11.2.2 Mixed Drug Delivery Systems Employing Biocompatible Polymers 263 11.3 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Drug Nanocarriers: The Concept through Examples 266 11.3.1 Preparation of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 266 11.3.2 Physicochemical Characterization of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 267 11.3.3 Th ermotropic Behavior of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 270 11.3.4 Imaging of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 274 11.3.5 In Vitro Drug Release from the Mixed Nanocarriers 274 11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 277 References 279 12 Nanoparticle Polymer-Based Engineered Nanoconstructs for Targeted Cancer Th erapeutics 287 Anand Thirunavukarasou, Sudhakar Baluchamy and Anil K. Suresh 12.1 An Overview of Metal Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs 287 12.1.1 Tumor-Specific Targeting Using Nanoparticle-Polymer Nanoconstructs 290 12.1.2 Cytotoxicity Assessments of Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 291 12.1.2.1 MTT and/or MTS Assay 291 12.1.2.2 Live/Dead Staining Assay 291 12.1.3 Physical Characterization Techniques to Assess the Cellular Uptake of the Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 292 12.1.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for Quantitative Uptake 292 12.1.3.2 Dark Field Microscopy 292 12.1.3.3 Ultramicrotome-Based Trans-Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging 293 12.2 Conclusions 293 Acknowledgements 294 References 294 13 Th e Importance of Dendrimers in Pharmaceutical Applications 297 Veronica Brunetti, Marisa Martinelli and Miriam C. Strumia 13.1 Introduction 297 13.1.1 What are Dendrimers? 298 13.1.2 Synthetic Methods for Dendritic Molecules 300 13.1.2.1 Divergent Synthesis 300 13.1.2.2 Convergent Synthesis 301 13.2 Properties of Dendritic Polymers Useful for Biomedical Applications 301 13.3 Current Pharmaceutical Products Prepared from Dendritic Polymer: Promising Prospects for Future Applications 303 13.3.1 Diagnostic Technologies 303 13.3.2 Dendritic Polymers in Prevention 304 13.3.3 Therapeutic Applications 307 13.4 Conclusions 310 References 310 14 Pharmaceutical Polymers: Bioactive and Synthetic Hybrid Polymers 315 Roxana Cristina Popescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu 14.1 Introduction 315 14.2 General Obtainment Methods for Polymeric Microspheres and Hybrid Materials 320 14.3 Stimuli-Responsive (pH/temperature/photo) polymers 321 14.3.1 PEG 321 14.3.2 PLA and PLGA 325 14.3.3 PVP 328 14.3.4 PVA 333 14.4 Conclusions 333 Acknowledgements 334 References 334 15 Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pharmaceutical Applications 341 Ida Idayu Muhamad, Suguna Selvakumaran, Mohd Harfi z Salehudin and Saiful Izwan Abd Razak 15.1 Introduction 342 15.1.1 Eco-friendly Polymers, the Briefs 342 15.1.2 Composite 342 15.1.3 Nanocomposites 343 15.1.4 Eco-friendly Nanocomposite 343 15.1.5 Market Trend in Eco-friendly Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Application 344 15.2 Structure and Properties of Some Eco-friendly Pharmaceutical Polymers 345 15.2.1 Starch 346 15.2.2 Chitosan 347 15.2.2.1 Application of Chitosan 348 15.2.3 Alginate (E400-E404) 349 15.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 349 15.2.5 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 350 15.2.6 Gelatin 351 15.2.7 Casein Protein 351 15.2.8 Carrageenan 352 15.3 Review of Development and Application of Selected Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 355 15.3.1 Eco-friendly Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering 355 15.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery 356 15.3.3 Nanocomposite-Based Biosensor on Eco-friendly Polymer 358 15.3.4 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Microfluidics 359 15.4 Case Study on Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposite 360 15.4.1 Carrageenan-Based Metalic Nanocomposite 360 15.4.2 Advantageous of Metalic Nanocomposite in Pharmaceutical Applications 366 15.5 Summary 366 References 367 16 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Th erapy 373 Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Nancy M. El-Baz and Amr H. Mohamed 16.1 Introduction 373 16.1.1 Cancer-Targeted Therapy 376 16.2 Selection Considerations of Polymers for Drug Delivery 377 16.2.1 Biodegradability 377 16.2.2 Biocompatibility 379 16.2.3 Surface Modification 379 16.3 Types of Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1.1 Protein-Based Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1.2 Polysaccharides-Based Biodegradable Polymers 382 16.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 384 16.3.2.1 Polyesters 384 16.4 Preparation Methods of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers 387 16.4.1 Polymer Dispersion 388 16.4.1.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method 388 16.4.1.2 Double Emulsion Method 389 16.4.1.3 Nanoprecipitation 389 16.4.1.4 Salting Out 389 16.4.2 Polymerization 389 16.4.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 390 16.4.2.2 Microemulsion Polymerization 390 16.4.3 Ionic Gelation 390 16.4.4 Spray Drying 391 16.5 Recent Applications of Biodegradable Polymers-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy 391 16.5.1 Passive Cancer-Targeted Delivery 392 16.5.1.1 Stealth Liposomes and Nanoparticles 393 16.5.2 Active Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 395 16.5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery 396 16.6 Conclusion 400 References 400 Index 407
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Preface xv 1 Smart Hydrogels: Therapeutic Advancements in Hydrogel Technology for Smart Drug Delivery Applications 1 Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Diwakar Kanwar, Derek Macken, Luke Geever, Declan M. Devine and Michael J.D. Nugent 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types and Properties of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 4 1.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels 4 1.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 5 1.2.3 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 7 1.2.4 Electro-Signal Sensitive Hydrogels 8 1.2.5 Light-Sensitive Hydrogels 8 1.2.6 Multi-Responsive Smart Hydrogels 10 1.3 Applications of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 11 1.4 Conclusion 11 References 13 2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 17 Ambareesh Kumar Singh, Neha Gupta, Juhi Srivastava, Archana Kushwaha and Meenakshi Singh 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics 19 2.3 Sulfonamides 36 2.4 Miscellaneous 41 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 48 2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 48 References 50 3 Polymeric Stabilizers for Drug Nanocrystals 67 Leena Peltonen, Annika Tuomela and Jouni Hirvonen 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Methods for Nanocrystallization 68 3.2.1 Bottom-Up Technologies 69 3.2.2 Top-Down Technologies 69 3.2.3 Combination Technologies 71 3.4 Polymers for Nanocrystal Stabilization 73 3.4.1 Polymers of Natural Origin 75 3.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 77 3.5 Effect of Stabilizing Polymers on Drug Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Membrane Permeability and Drug Absorption 79 3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 82 References 82 4 Polymeric Matrices for the Controlled Release of Phosphonate Active Agents for Medicinal Applications 89 Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou and Konstantinos D. Demadis 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Polymers in Drug Delivery 91 4.2.1 Polyesters 92 4.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Their Copolymers 92 4.2.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers 93 4.2.1.3 Poly(ortho esters) 94 4.2.1.4 Poly(anhydrides) 96 4.2.1.5 Poly(anhydride imides) 97 4.2.1.6 Poly(anhydrite esters) 98 4.2.2 Poly(amides) 99 4.2.3 Poly(iminocarbonates) 100 4.3 Release of Phosphonate-Based Drugs 100 4.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 114 References 115 5 Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical Applications 125 Veena Koul, Sirsendu Bhowmick and Th anusha A.V. 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 What are Hydrogels? 126 5.3 Classification of Hydrogels 126 5.4 Preparation of Hydrogels 127 5.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 128 5.6 Application of Hydrogels 131 5.6.1 Wound Dressing 131 5.6.2 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 133 5.6.3 Tissue Engineering Substitute 134 5.6.4 Injectable Hydrogels 136 5.7 Conclusion 137 Acknowledgement 138 References 138 6 Responsive Plasmid DNA Hydrogels: A New Approach for Biomedical Applications 145 Diana Costa, Artur J.M. Valente and Joao Queiroz 6.2 DNA-Based Hydrogels 147 6.3 Controlled and Sustained Release 150 6.3.1 Photodisruption of Plasmid DNA Networks 150 6.3.2 Release of Plasmid DNA 152 6.3.3 Release of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 154 6.3.4 In Vitro Studies 155 6.4 Combination of Chemo and Gene Therapies 156 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158 References 159 7 Bioactive and Compatible Polysaccharides Hydrogels Structure and Properties for Pharmaceutical Applications 163 Teresa Cristina F. Silva, Andressa Antunes Prado de Franca and Lucian A. Lucia 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Materials and Methods 164 7.2.1 Isolation of Xylans 166 7.2.1.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166 7.2.1.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166 7.2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization 166 7.2.2.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166 7.2.2.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166 7.2.3 Doxorubicin Release from Xylan-Based Hydrogels 167 7.3 Results and Discussion 167 7.3.1 Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 167 7.3.1.1 Reaction of PAA with Wood 167 7.3.1.2 Hydrogel Preparation and Characterization 168 7.3.2 Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 170 7.3.2.1 Morphology and Rheological Properties 172 7.3.2.2 Swelling Behavior 173 7.3.2.3 Drug Release 174 References 175 8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Analysis 179 Piotr Luli ski 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Overview of the Imprinting Process 180 8.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Separation Purposes 182 8.3.1 Bulk Imprinted Materials 182 8.3.2 Imprinted Monoliths 185 8.3.3 Imprinted Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 187 8.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Microparticles and Nanostructures 188 8.3.5 Magnetic Imprinted Materials 192 8.3.6 Miscellaneous Imprinted Formats 194 8.4 Molecularly Imprinted Sensors for Drugs 195 8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 197 References 1979 Prolamine-Based Matrices for Biomedical Applications 203 Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara and Viness Pillay 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Gliadin Prolamine Isolated from Wheat Gluten 204 9.2.1 Gliadin Nanoparticles 205 9.2.1.1 Hydrophobicity of Gliadin 206 9.2.1.2 Solubility Parameter 207 9.2.2 Controlled Drug Release from Gliadin-Based Matrices 207 9.2.2.1 Salting-Out 207 9.2.2.2 Gliadin Films 208 9.2.2.3 Gliadin Foams 209 9.3 Zein - Prolamine Isolated from Corn Gluten Meal 209 9.3.1 Drug-Loaded Zein Particulates 210 9.3.1.1 Microsphere-Based Films and Tablets 210 9.3.1.2 Zein-Based Blends and Complexes 213 9.3.1.3 Zein-Based Nanoparticulate Systems 213 9.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Zein-Based Matrices 215 9.4 Soy Protein Prolamine Isolated from Soybean 217 9.4.1 Soy Protein Derivatives 218 9.4.2 Soy-Based Polymer Blends 218 9.4.3 Soy-Based Crosslinked Matrices 219 9.4.4 Cold-Set Gelation of Soy Protein 221 9.5 Kafi rin Prolamine Isolated from Sorghum 222 9.5.1 Microparticles 223 9.5.2 Compressed Matrices 224 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 224 References 225 10 Hydrogels Based on Poly(2-oxazoline) S for Pharmaceutical Applications 230 Anna Zahoranova and Juraj Kronek 10.1 Hydrogels for Medical Applications 231 10.1.1 Controlled Drug Delivery and Release 232 10.1.1.1 Prolonged Effect of Drugs 232 10.1.1.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery 234 10.1.2 3D Cell Cultivation 236 10.1.2.1 Chemical Composition 237 10.1.2.2 Porosity and Pore Size 238 10.1.3 Tissue Engineering 238 10.1.4 Nonenzymatic Detachment of Cells 239 10.2 Poly(2-oxazoline)s in Pharmaceutical Applications 240 10.2.1 Biocompatibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 241 10.2.2 Biomedical Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 244 10.3 Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels Synthetic Strategies 245 10.3.1 Hydrogels Containing Segments of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 245 10.3.2 Crosslinked Poly(2-oxazoline)s 248 10.4 Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels 250 10.4.1 Controlled Delivery of Drugs 250 10.4.1.1 Hydrogels for DNA Binding 251 10.4.1.2 Hydrogels Modifi ed by Peptidic Sequences 252 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 254 11 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Nanostructures as Drug Nanocarriers: Advantages and Pharmaceutical Perspectives 259 Natassa Pippa, Stergios Pispas and Costas Demetzos 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Drug Delivery Systems 261 11.2.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems 261 11.2.2 Mixed Drug Delivery Systems Employing Biocompatible Polymers 263 11.3 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Drug Nanocarriers: The Concept through Examples 266 11.3.1 Preparation of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 266 11.3.2 Physicochemical Characterization of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 267 11.3.3 Th ermotropic Behavior of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 270 11.3.4 Imaging of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 274 11.3.5 In Vitro Drug Release from the Mixed Nanocarriers 274 11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 277 References 279 12 Nanoparticle Polymer-Based Engineered Nanoconstructs for Targeted Cancer Th erapeutics 287 Anand Thirunavukarasou, Sudhakar Baluchamy and Anil K. Suresh 12.1 An Overview of Metal Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs 287 12.1.1 Tumor-Specific Targeting Using Nanoparticle-Polymer Nanoconstructs 290 12.1.2 Cytotoxicity Assessments of Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 291 12.1.2.1 MTT and/or MTS Assay 291 12.1.2.2 Live/Dead Staining Assay 291 12.1.3 Physical Characterization Techniques to Assess the Cellular Uptake of the Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 292 12.1.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for Quantitative Uptake 292 12.1.3.2 Dark Field Microscopy 292 12.1.3.3 Ultramicrotome-Based Trans-Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging 293 12.2 Conclusions 293 Acknowledgements 294 References 294 13 Th e Importance of Dendrimers in Pharmaceutical Applications 297 Veronica Brunetti, Marisa Martinelli and Miriam C. Strumia 13.1 Introduction 297 13.1.1 What are Dendrimers? 298 13.1.2 Synthetic Methods for Dendritic Molecules 300 13.1.2.1 Divergent Synthesis 300 13.1.2.2 Convergent Synthesis 301 13.2 Properties of Dendritic Polymers Useful for Biomedical Applications 301 13.3 Current Pharmaceutical Products Prepared from Dendritic Polymer: Promising Prospects for Future Applications 303 13.3.1 Diagnostic Technologies 303 13.3.2 Dendritic Polymers in Prevention 304 13.3.3 Therapeutic Applications 307 13.4 Conclusions 310 References 310 14 Pharmaceutical Polymers: Bioactive and Synthetic Hybrid Polymers 315 Roxana Cristina Popescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu 14.1 Introduction 315 14.2 General Obtainment Methods for Polymeric Microspheres and Hybrid Materials 320 14.3 Stimuli-Responsive (pH/temperature/photo) polymers 321 14.3.1 PEG 321 14.3.2 PLA and PLGA 325 14.3.3 PVP 328 14.3.4 PVA 333 14.4 Conclusions 333 Acknowledgements 334 References 334 15 Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pharmaceutical Applications 341 Ida Idayu Muhamad, Suguna Selvakumaran, Mohd Harfi z Salehudin and Saiful Izwan Abd Razak 15.1 Introduction 342 15.1.1 Eco-friendly Polymers, the Briefs 342 15.1.2 Composite 342 15.1.3 Nanocomposites 343 15.1.4 Eco-friendly Nanocomposite 343 15.1.5 Market Trend in Eco-friendly Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Application 344 15.2 Structure and Properties of Some Eco-friendly Pharmaceutical Polymers 345 15.2.1 Starch 346 15.2.2 Chitosan 347 15.2.2.1 Application of Chitosan 348 15.2.3 Alginate (E400-E404) 349 15.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 349 15.2.5 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 350 15.2.6 Gelatin 351 15.2.7 Casein Protein 351 15.2.8 Carrageenan 352 15.3 Review of Development and Application of Selected Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 355 15.3.1 Eco-friendly Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering 355 15.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery 356 15.3.3 Nanocomposite-Based Biosensor on Eco-friendly Polymer 358 15.3.4 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Microfluidics 359 15.4 Case Study on Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposite 360 15.4.1 Carrageenan-Based Metalic Nanocomposite 360 15.4.2 Advantageous of Metalic Nanocomposite in Pharmaceutical Applications 366 15.5 Summary 366 References 367 16 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Th erapy 373 Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Nancy M. El-Baz and Amr H. Mohamed 16.1 Introduction 373 16.1.1 Cancer-Targeted Therapy 376 16.2 Selection Considerations of Polymers for Drug Delivery 377 16.2.1 Biodegradability 377 16.2.2 Biocompatibility 379 16.2.3 Surface Modification 379 16.3 Types of Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1.1 Protein-Based Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1.2 Polysaccharides-Based Biodegradable Polymers 382 16.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 384 16.3.2.1 Polyesters 384 16.4 Preparation Methods of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers 387 16.4.1 Polymer Dispersion 388 16.4.1.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method 388 16.4.1.2 Double Emulsion Method 389 16.4.1.3 Nanoprecipitation 389 16.4.1.4 Salting Out 389 16.4.2 Polymerization 389 16.4.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 390 16.4.2.2 Microemulsion Polymerization 390 16.4.3 Ionic Gelation 390 16.4.4 Spray Drying 391 16.5 Recent Applications of Biodegradable Polymers-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy 391 16.5.1 Passive Cancer-Targeted Delivery 392 16.5.1.1 Stealth Liposomes and Nanoparticles 393 16.5.2 Active Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 395 16.5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery 396 16.6 Conclusion 400 References 400 Index 407
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