Global Dimensions of Public Administration and Governance

List of Tables and Figures xiii Foreword xv Acknowledgments xix The Authors xxiii 1 Globalization and Government: Combining Global and Comparative Perspectives upon the State of Modern Government 1 Levels of Analysis and Understanding 5 Globalization 6 Combining a Global and Comparative Perspective 7 Combining the Studies of Administration and Politics 9 Audience for and Structure of This Book 10 Concluding Remarks: Flying and Comparing across the Globe 12 PART ONE THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND DISSEMINATION OF GOVERNMENT: STRUCTURING TERRITORY AND ORGANIZATION 15 2 The Roots and Development of Governance, Government, and Public Administration: The Envelopment of Local Communities in Upper-Local Polities over Time 17 Types of Governing Associations 19 All Government and Governance Started Local 23 The Emergence of Territorial States as Upper-Local Polities 29 A Global Model of Government Development 32 The Development of Thinking about Government: From Political Theory to Public Administration 37 Comparing Government Models: Concluding Remarks 39 3 Structuring Governance and Government: The Layered Territorial and Bureaucratic Organization of the World 41 Territoriality and Property 42 Territorialization of the World 46 International Boundaries 48 Subnational Jurisdictions: Historical Trends 51 Subnational Jurisdictions: The Contemporary Situation 55 Bureaucracy as Organizational Structure: The Bureaucratization of the World 62 The Influence of Colonization 66 Concluding Remarks: Boundaries Creating Polities 68 4 State Making, Nation Building, and Citizenship 71 Defining State and Nation 74 State Making: Models and Explanations 82 The Separation of Organized Religion and the State: A Recent Phenomenon? 85 Nation Building: From Subjects to Citizens 89 Citizenship as Layered Phenomenon 91 A Future for State, Nation, and Citizenship? 94 5 Political-Administrative Systems and Multilevel Government 97 Basic Distinctions of Political Systems 98 Five Types of Political Systems in Relation to Political Party System 98 Unitary and Federal Systems 102 Typologies of Democratic Systems 108 Presidential and Parliamentary Systems 113 Party-Political and Bureaucratic-Prominent Systems 115 The Three Branches of Government and Core Features of Democratic Political Systems 118 The Structure of Government Departments 120 Multilevel and Multiactor Government and Governance 123 Concluding Remarks 128 6 Bureaucratic Organization and Culture 129 Defining Bureaucracy: The Influence of Max Weber and His Fears 130 Bureaucracy in the Evolution of Human Communities: The Origin of the Stereotype? 135 Societal Culture 138 Organizational Culture 146 Perceptions of Public Individuals 152 Sucking Water from Straws or Opening the Tap in the Kitchen 155 7 Organization, Management, and Policy: Comparing the Competencies of Government and Public Administration 157 The Human Side of Public Enterprise: Management, Organizations, and Behavior in Comparative Public Administration 158 The Public Management Revolution: Comparative Views 161 Comparing the Sectors 163 The Implementation of NPM in Western Democracies 165 The United States: Measuring Performance 165 Britain: Who Comes First, the Public or the Nation? 166 The European Continent: Cultural Gaps beyond a Few Generic Similarities 167 Australia: The Administrative Responsibility Approach 168 Canada: Collaboration in Research and the Shaping of Public Policy 169 New Zealand: The Reshaping of Welfare Policy 170 Israel: Decentralization and Privatization 171 The Implementation of NPM in Other World Regions 172 Asia 173 Africa 175 Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Other Countries 177 The Dinosaur Syndrome and the Comparative Movement: A Midrange Comment 182 The Organization and Management of Global Policy and Public Administration 184 Summary 186 8 Bureaucracy as Personnel System and Political-Administrative Relations 187 The Importance of the Personnel Function for Responsive Government 188 Defining Bureaucracy as Personnel System: Max Weber s Juridical Perspective 191 Categories of Public Servants in a Sociological Perspective 193 Variation in the Size of the Civil Service 198 Political-Administrative Relations: Intertwinement, Politicization, and Consultation 202 Development of the Personnel Function in Developed Countries 206 The Organizational Level: Personnel Management Focused on the Organization 211 The Individual Level: The Employee as a Person with Rights, Needs, and Feelings 213 The Societal Environment: Public Pressure for Change 215 Concluding Comments 217 PART TWO MANAGING POLICIES: CONTINUITY, CHANGE, AND DIVERSITY 219 9 Traditional Government Activities I: National Defense, Police, Law and Order 221 Atrocities of Man and Nature: National Defense and Emergency Management 221 France: Europeanization, Professionalization, and the End of Conscription 222 Israel: Militarized Society or Civilianized Military? 225 United States: Resting on Its Laurels FEMA s Vicissitudes from Ignominy to Luster and Vice Versa 231 Internal Security: Enforcing Law and Order 236 Colombia: A Quagmire of Guerillas, Drug Cartels, and Paramilitaries Demilitarization Bogging Down 237 South Africa: Post-Apartheid Community Policing Transmuting the Police Force to a Police Service 244 Britain: Integrating Offender Management Performance, Contestability, and Amalgamation 248 The Judiciary System: One State under the Rule of Law 254 The People s Republic of China: The Silent Revolution Rationalization, Modernization, and Constitutionalization 254 The UN Security Council: Reforming a Perplexed Peacekeeper 259 Germany: A Nonimmigration Nation, Rife with Immigrants Article 16 of the Basic Law in the Limelight 264 Comparing Defense, Police, and Judiciary across Nations 268 10 Traditional Government Activities II: Economy, Finance, and Taxation Systems 275 Economy and Finance 276 Romania: Restructuring Agriculture in a Transition Economy 276 Spain: Faltering Growth, Wavering Employment Rates An Economy Veering between Prosperity and Downspin 279 Greece: Footing the Bill for Laxity during the Ostensive Boom Years 283 Iran: The Paradox of Plenty Replete with Hydrocarbon Reserves and Yet in a Pickle 287 Tax Reforms: Taking for Giving 292 Denmark: Searching for the Magic Bullet to Reduce Income Tax Pressures and Labor Costs 292 Belgium: Spurring Unemployed and Low Earners into Labor 295 Estonia: Going Flat An Avant Garde That Has Become a Common Practice 298 Comparing Economy, Finance, and Taxation Systems across Nations 302 11 Social-Economic Services: Energy Management, Planning and Zoning, Industry and Trade 311 Energy Management 312 Russia: The Kremlin s Bear Hug 312 Germany: Renewable Energy Sources Come to the Throne 315 California: A Calamity Precipitated by Deregulation 317 India: A Public Leopard with Private Spots 319 Planning and Zoning 322 Zimbabwe: Land Reform in a Ruptured Ex-Colony 322 New Zealand s Resource Management Act: A Spearhead of Sustainable Development 324 Brazil: Frontiers, Landlords, Squatters, and a Vacillating Government 327 Laos: The Desperate Ecocide of the Poor 330 Industry and Trade 332 Morocco: Liberalization of Trade and Tariff Reforms 333 The Czech Republic: Cars, Motors, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 335 Canada: Trade Agreements with the Northern Empire 338 Mexico: The Poor Cousin of NAFTA s Triad 341 Comparing Energy Management, Planning and Zoning, and Industry and Trade across Nations 344 12 Welfare Services and Policies: Health Care, Education, and Social Services 349 Health Care 350 Singapore: The 3Ms triad Medisave, Medishield, and Medifund 351 The Netherlands: Dutch-Managed Competition Getting the Full Monty 354 Argentina: Promoting a Health Care System under a Sick Economy 357 Australia: A Public-Private Seesaw 360 Education 364 Wisconsin: Vouchering Together Unlikely Allies in Milwaukee 364 France: Contractualization au Courant Le Central Unleashes Higher Education 368 The People s Republic of China: Between a Soviet Rock and a Western Hard Place Higher Education on the Horns of a Dilemma 372 Britain: New Right, New ERA, Old Cleavages 376 Social Security 381 Chile: Social Security Gone Outright Private 381 Japan: A Double-Edged Sword Super-Aged, Poorly Funded 386 Poland: Farewell Redistribution, Hello Funded Defined Contribution 390 Sweden: Transforming Corporatism and Remodeling Labor Market Policies 394 Comparing Health Care, Education, and Social Services across Nations 398 13 A Vision for Comparative Theory and Practice: Horizons of the Comparative Voyage 407 Comparison in Motion: Divergence and Convergence across Time and States 409 The Comparative Approach in Service of Interconnectedness, Emulation, and Policy Transfer 411 Comparative Public Administration and Governance: Between Transfer and Diffusion 414 Horizons for Comparative Public Administration and Governance 418 Summary and Final Remarks 421 Appendix One Structural Similarities Cultural Differences: The Need for and Development of Comparative Government Studies 427 The Function of Comparison in Society and in the Social Sciences 428 The Importance of Comparison in the Study of Public Administration 430 Geographical Fragmentation of Comparative Research and Understanding 432 Substantive Fragmentation of Comparative Research and Understanding 435 Methodological and Epistemological Fragmentation of Comparative Research and Understanding 440 The Development of Comparative Public Administration 443 Appendix Two Motives, Types and Theories, Methods for, and Challenges of Comparative Perspectives 449 Motives for Comparison 451 Theories, Methods, and Types of Comparison 454 Approaches to and Theories in Comparative Public Administration and Governance 454 Three Basic Methods of Comparison 458 Types of Comparisons 461 Challenges of Comparative Research 464 Conceptual, Linguistic, and Semantic Problems 465 Theoretical and Methodological Problems 468 Research Technical Problems 472 Problems of Application 473 Bibliography 475 Index 525

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