Electromagnetic Metasurfaces
Electromagnetic Metasurfaces
Theory and Applications
Caloz, Christophe; Achouri, Karim
John Wiley & Sons Inc
06/2021
224
Dura
Inglês
9781119525165
15 a 20 dias
426
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Metamaterials 1
1.2 Emergence of Metasurfaces 4
2 Electromagnetic Properties of Materials 9
2.1 Bianisotropic Constitutive Relations 10
2.2 Temporal Dispersion 14
2.2.1 Causality and Kramers-Kronig Relations 15
2.2.2 Lorentz Oscillator Model 17
2.3 Spatial Dispersion 23
2.4 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 27
2.5 Poynting Theorem 32
2.6 Energy Conservation in Lossless-Gainless Systems 38
2.7 Classi_cation of Bianisotropic Media 41
3 Metasurface Modeling 43
3.1 E_ective Homogeneity 44
3.1.1 The Homogeneity Paradox 44
3.1.2 Theory of Periodic Structures 44
3.1.3 Scattering from Gratings 46
3.1.4 Homogenization 47
3.2 E_ective Zero Thickness 50
3.3 Sheet Boundary Conditions 53
3.3.1 Impedance Modeling 54
3.3.2 Polarizability Modeling 57
3.3.3 Susceptibility Modeling 60
3.3.4 Comparisons between the Models 66
4 Susceptibility Synthesis 69
4.1 Linear Time-Invariant Metasurfaces 69
4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 69
4.1.2 Birefringent Metasurfaces 76
4.1.3 Multiple-Transformation Metasurfaces 78
4.1.4 Relations between Susceptibilities and Scattering Parameters 81
4.1.5 Surface-Wave Eigenvalue Problem 92
4.1.5.1 Formulation of the Problem 92
4.1.5.2 Dispersion in a Symmetric Environments 96
4.1.6 Metasurfaces with Normal Polarizations 100
4.1.7 Illustrative Examples 104
4.1.7.1 Polarization Rotation 104
4.1.7.2 Multiple Nonreciprocal Transformations 109
4.1.7.3 Angle-Dependent Transformations 112
4.2 Time-Varying Metasurfaces 117
4.2.1 Formulation of the Problem 117
4.2.2 Harmonic-Generation Time-Varying Metasurface 120
4.3 Nonlinear Metasurfaces 121
4.3.1 Second-Order Nonlinearity 122
4.3.1.1 Frequency-Domain Approach 123
4.3.1.2 Time-Domain Approach 128
5 Scattered Field Computation 133
5.1 Fourier-Based Propagation Method 134
5.2 Finite-Di_erence Frequency-Domain Method 141
5.3 Finite-Di_erence Time-Domain Method 147
5.3.1 Time-Varying Dispersionless Metasurfaces 150
5.3.2 Time-Varying Dispersive Metasurfaces 156
5.4 Spectral-Domain Integral Equation Method 164
6 Practical Implementation 173
6.1 General Implementation Procedure 174
6.2 Basic Strategies for Full-Phase Coverage 178
6.2.1 Linear Polarization 179
6.2.1.1 Metallic Scattering Particles 179
6.2.1.2 Dielectric Scattering Particles 188
6.2.2 Circular Polarization 194
6.3 Full-Phase Coverage with Perfect Matching 198
6.4 Effects of Symmetry Breaking 207
6.4.1 Angular Scattering 208
6.4.2 Polarization Conversion 215
7 Applications 223
7.1 Angle-Independent Transformation 224
7.2 Perfect Matching 229
7.3 Generalized Refraction 234
7.3.1 Limitations of Conventional Synthesis Methods 234
7.3.2 Perfect Refraction using Bianisotropy 239
8 Conclusions 245
9 Appendix 249
9.1 Approximation of Average Fields at an Interface 249
9.2 Fields Radiated by a Sheet of Dipole Moments 252
9.3 Relations between Susceptibilities and Polarizabilities 255
Bibliography 260
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Metamaterials 1
1.2 Emergence of Metasurfaces 4
2 Electromagnetic Properties of Materials 9
2.1 Bianisotropic Constitutive Relations 10
2.2 Temporal Dispersion 14
2.2.1 Causality and Kramers-Kronig Relations 15
2.2.2 Lorentz Oscillator Model 17
2.3 Spatial Dispersion 23
2.4 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 27
2.5 Poynting Theorem 32
2.6 Energy Conservation in Lossless-Gainless Systems 38
2.7 Classi_cation of Bianisotropic Media 41
3 Metasurface Modeling 43
3.1 E_ective Homogeneity 44
3.1.1 The Homogeneity Paradox 44
3.1.2 Theory of Periodic Structures 44
3.1.3 Scattering from Gratings 46
3.1.4 Homogenization 47
3.2 E_ective Zero Thickness 50
3.3 Sheet Boundary Conditions 53
3.3.1 Impedance Modeling 54
3.3.2 Polarizability Modeling 57
3.3.3 Susceptibility Modeling 60
3.3.4 Comparisons between the Models 66
4 Susceptibility Synthesis 69
4.1 Linear Time-Invariant Metasurfaces 69
4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 69
4.1.2 Birefringent Metasurfaces 76
4.1.3 Multiple-Transformation Metasurfaces 78
4.1.4 Relations between Susceptibilities and Scattering Parameters 81
4.1.5 Surface-Wave Eigenvalue Problem 92
4.1.5.1 Formulation of the Problem 92
4.1.5.2 Dispersion in a Symmetric Environments 96
4.1.6 Metasurfaces with Normal Polarizations 100
4.1.7 Illustrative Examples 104
4.1.7.1 Polarization Rotation 104
4.1.7.2 Multiple Nonreciprocal Transformations 109
4.1.7.3 Angle-Dependent Transformations 112
4.2 Time-Varying Metasurfaces 117
4.2.1 Formulation of the Problem 117
4.2.2 Harmonic-Generation Time-Varying Metasurface 120
4.3 Nonlinear Metasurfaces 121
4.3.1 Second-Order Nonlinearity 122
4.3.1.1 Frequency-Domain Approach 123
4.3.1.2 Time-Domain Approach 128
5 Scattered Field Computation 133
5.1 Fourier-Based Propagation Method 134
5.2 Finite-Di_erence Frequency-Domain Method 141
5.3 Finite-Di_erence Time-Domain Method 147
5.3.1 Time-Varying Dispersionless Metasurfaces 150
5.3.2 Time-Varying Dispersive Metasurfaces 156
5.4 Spectral-Domain Integral Equation Method 164
6 Practical Implementation 173
6.1 General Implementation Procedure 174
6.2 Basic Strategies for Full-Phase Coverage 178
6.2.1 Linear Polarization 179
6.2.1.1 Metallic Scattering Particles 179
6.2.1.2 Dielectric Scattering Particles 188
6.2.2 Circular Polarization 194
6.3 Full-Phase Coverage with Perfect Matching 198
6.4 Effects of Symmetry Breaking 207
6.4.1 Angular Scattering 208
6.4.2 Polarization Conversion 215
7 Applications 223
7.1 Angle-Independent Transformation 224
7.2 Perfect Matching 229
7.3 Generalized Refraction 234
7.3.1 Limitations of Conventional Synthesis Methods 234
7.3.2 Perfect Refraction using Bianisotropy 239
8 Conclusions 245
9 Appendix 249
9.1 Approximation of Average Fields at an Interface 249
9.2 Fields Radiated by a Sheet of Dipole Moments 252
9.3 Relations between Susceptibilities and Polarizabilities 255
Bibliography 260