Corrosion Engineering and Cathodic Protection Handbook
-15%
portes grátis
Corrosion Engineering and Cathodic Protection Handbook
With Extensive Question and Answer Section
;
John Wiley & Sons Inc
03/2017
768
Dura
Inglês
9781119283751
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
Preface xv Part 1 Corrosion Chemistry 1 Corrosion and its Definition 3 2 The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors 5 3 Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism 7 3.1 Uniform Corrosion 7 3.2 Pitting Corrosion 7 3.3 Crevice Corrosion 8 3.4 Galvanic Corrosion 8 3.5 Intergranular Corrosion 8 3.6 Selective Corrosion 9 3.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion 9 3.8 Cavitation Corrosion 9 3.9 Fretting Corrosion 9 3.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking 9 3.11 Microbial Corrosion 9 4 Corrosion Types of Based on the Media 11 4.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 11 4.2 Corrosion in Water 12 4.3 Corrosion in Soil 13 5 Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films 15 6 Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion 17 7 Corrosion Prevention Methods 19 8 Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties 21 8.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy 21 8.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy 22 8.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy 22 9 Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors 23 10 Types of Corrosion Inhibitors 25 10.1 Anodic Inhibitors 25 10.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 25 11 Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date 27 11.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity 27 11.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates 29 12 Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications 31 12.1 Nitrites 31 12.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds 31 12.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate 32 12.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate 34 13 Sol-Gels (Ormosils): Properties and Uses 35 13.1 Types of Sol-Gels 35 13.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings 36 13.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels 37 13.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments into Sol-Gel Coatings 38 14 Corrosion in Engineering Materials 39 14.1 Introduction 39 14.2 Steel Structures 39 14.3 Concrete Structures 40 14.4 Protection Against Corrosion in Concrete Construction 44 14.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 51 14.6 Cathodic Protection 52 14.7 Corrosion in Industrial Projects 57 References 61 Part 2 Cathodic Protection 15 Corrosion of Materials 75 15.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 75 15.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 76 15.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 76 16 Factors Influencing Corrosion 83 16.1 Nature of the Metal 83 16.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 84 17 Corrosion Mechanisms 87 17.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 87 17.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 88 17.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 90 18 Corrosion Types 91 18.1 Uniform Corrosion 91 18.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 95 19 Thermodynamics of Corrosion 107 19.1 Gibbs Free Energy ( G) 107 19.2 Passivity 108 19.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 109 19.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 110 19.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 110 19.6 Polarization 111 19.7 Polarization Curves 113 20 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 117 20.1 Proper Design 117 20.2 Choice of Material 118 20.3 Protective Coatings 120 20.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 123 20.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 126 21 Cost of Corrosion 129 21.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 129 21.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 129 21.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 129 21.4 Contamination of the Product 130 21.5 Maintenance Costs 130 21.6 Overprotective Measures 130 22 Cathodic Protection 131 22.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems 131 22.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 132 22.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need 133 22.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection 134 22.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection 134 22.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems 134 22.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria 134 22.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria 135 22.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems 135 22.10 Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects 138 22.11 Cost of Cathodic Protection 138 22.12 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems 139 23 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 141 23.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization 141 23.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need 142 23.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency 142 23.4 Service Life of an Anode 142 23.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes 142 23.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes 143 23.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes 145 23.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds 146 23.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects 148 23.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems 148 24 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 151 24.1 T/R Units 151 24.2 Types of Anodes 153 24.3 Anodic Bed Resistance 154 24.4 Types of Anodic Beds 155 24.5 Cable Cross-Sections 156 24.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects 156 24.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 157 25 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 159 25.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition 159 25.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 160 25.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 160 25.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 164 25.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 166 26 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 167 26.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures 168 26.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria 168 26.3 Determination of Protection Potential 168 26.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels 168 26.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-Stressed Steel Concrete Pipes 169 27 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 171 27.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides 172 27.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas 172 27.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds 173 27.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 173 27.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 173 27.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 173 27.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O) 174 27.8 Organic Acids 175 27.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3) 175 27.10 Phenols 175 27.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 175 27.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH) 176 27.13 Mercury (Hg) 176 27.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) 176 27.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) 176 28 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems 177 28.1 Pipes Made of Iron and its Alloys 177 28.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 178 28.3 Water Pipeline Systems 179 29 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 181 29.1 Measurement of Terrain's Resistivity 181 29.2 Potential Measurements 182 29.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements 183 29.4 Measuring Potential Along the Pipeline 183 29.5 Maintenance of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systems 183 29.6 Measurement Stations 184 29.8 Cathodic Protection of Airport Fuel Distribution Lines 185 29.9 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines 185 30 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 187 30.1 Cathodic Protection of Inner Surfaces of Crude Oil Storage Tanks 187 31 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 31.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 31.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 193 31.3 Cathodic Protection of Ships 193 31.4 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles with Galvanic Anodes 196 32 Cathodic Protection of the Potable Water Tanks 197 33 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 199 33.1 Corrosion in Boilers 199 33.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 200 34 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 203 34.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems 203 34.2 Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 203 References 205 Part 3 Corrosion Engineering 35 Corrosion of Materials 215 35.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 216 35.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 216 35.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 216 36 Cost of Corrosion 225 36.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 225 36.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 226 36.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 226 36.4 Contamination of the Product 226 36.5 Maintenance Costs 226 36.6 Overprotective Measures 226 37 Factors Influencing Corrosion 227 37.1 Nature of the Metal 228 37.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 229 38 Corrosion Mechanisms 231 38.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 231 38.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 232 38.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 234 39 Types of Corrosion 235 39.1 Uniform Corrosion 235 39.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 241 40 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion 253 40.1 Gibbs Free Energy ( G) 253 40.2 Passivity 254 40.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 255 40.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 256 40.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 256 40.6 Polarization 257 40.7 Polarization Curves 259 41 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 263 41.1 Proper Design 264 41.2 Choice of Material 265 41.3 Protective Coatings 267 41.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 273 41.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 284 42 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 295 42.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition 295 42.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 296 42.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 296 42.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 300 42.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 302 43 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 305 43.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 305 43.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 307 44 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 309 44.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 310 44.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 314 44.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 315 45 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 317 45.1 Water Pipeline Systems 317 45.2 Cooling Water Systems 319 45.3 Potable Water Tanks 319 45.4 Boilers 319 45.5 Geothermal Systems 322 References 325 Part 4 Questions and Answers 46 Corrosion: Definition and History 341 Questions 341 Answers & Solutions 343 Answer Key 344 47 Corrosion of Materials 345 Questions 345 Answers & Solutions 356 Answer Key 364 48 Cost of Corrosion 365 Questions 365 Answers & Solutions 367 Answer Key 369 49 Factors Influencing Corrosion 371 Questions 371 Answers & Solutions 375 Answer Key 380 50 Corrosion Mechanisms 381 Questions 381 Answers & Solutions 383 Answer Key 386 51 Types of Corrosion 387 Questions 387 Answers & Solutions 409 Answer Key 431 52 Corrosion Prevention 433 Questions 433 Answers & Solutions 467 Answer Key 502 53 Corrosion in Engineering Materials 503 Questions 503 Answers & Solutions 526 Answer Key 548 54 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 551 Questions 551 Answers & Solutions 564 Answer Key 574 55 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 575 Questions 575 Answers & Solutions 578 Answer Key 580 56 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 581 Questions 581 Answers & Solutions 591 Answer Key 601 57 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 603 Questions 603 Answers & Solutions 610 Answer Key 617 58 Thermodynamics of Corrosion 619 Questions 619 Answers & Solutions 626 Answer Key 633 59 Cathodic Protection 635 Questions 635 Answers & Solutions 648 Answer Key 660 60 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 661 Questions 661 Answers & Solutions 671 Answer Key 681 61 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 683 Questions 683 Answers & Questions 693 Answer Key 702 62 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 703 Questions 703 Answers & Solutions 707 Answer Key 710 63 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 711 Questions 711 Answers & Solutions 717 Answer Key 722 64 Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 723 Questions 723 Answers & Solutions 726 Answer Key 729 65 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 731 Questions 731 Answers & Solutions 737 Answer Key 741 Index 743
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Preface xv Part 1 Corrosion Chemistry 1 Corrosion and its Definition 3 2 The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors 5 3 Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism 7 3.1 Uniform Corrosion 7 3.2 Pitting Corrosion 7 3.3 Crevice Corrosion 8 3.4 Galvanic Corrosion 8 3.5 Intergranular Corrosion 8 3.6 Selective Corrosion 9 3.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion 9 3.8 Cavitation Corrosion 9 3.9 Fretting Corrosion 9 3.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking 9 3.11 Microbial Corrosion 9 4 Corrosion Types of Based on the Media 11 4.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 11 4.2 Corrosion in Water 12 4.3 Corrosion in Soil 13 5 Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films 15 6 Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion 17 7 Corrosion Prevention Methods 19 8 Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties 21 8.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy 21 8.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy 22 8.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy 22 9 Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors 23 10 Types of Corrosion Inhibitors 25 10.1 Anodic Inhibitors 25 10.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 25 11 Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date 27 11.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity 27 11.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates 29 12 Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications 31 12.1 Nitrites 31 12.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds 31 12.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate 32 12.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate 34 13 Sol-Gels (Ormosils): Properties and Uses 35 13.1 Types of Sol-Gels 35 13.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings 36 13.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels 37 13.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments into Sol-Gel Coatings 38 14 Corrosion in Engineering Materials 39 14.1 Introduction 39 14.2 Steel Structures 39 14.3 Concrete Structures 40 14.4 Protection Against Corrosion in Concrete Construction 44 14.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 51 14.6 Cathodic Protection 52 14.7 Corrosion in Industrial Projects 57 References 61 Part 2 Cathodic Protection 15 Corrosion of Materials 75 15.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 75 15.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 76 15.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 76 16 Factors Influencing Corrosion 83 16.1 Nature of the Metal 83 16.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 84 17 Corrosion Mechanisms 87 17.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 87 17.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 88 17.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 90 18 Corrosion Types 91 18.1 Uniform Corrosion 91 18.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 95 19 Thermodynamics of Corrosion 107 19.1 Gibbs Free Energy ( G) 107 19.2 Passivity 108 19.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 109 19.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 110 19.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 110 19.6 Polarization 111 19.7 Polarization Curves 113 20 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 117 20.1 Proper Design 117 20.2 Choice of Material 118 20.3 Protective Coatings 120 20.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 123 20.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 126 21 Cost of Corrosion 129 21.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 129 21.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 129 21.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 129 21.4 Contamination of the Product 130 21.5 Maintenance Costs 130 21.6 Overprotective Measures 130 22 Cathodic Protection 131 22.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems 131 22.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 132 22.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need 133 22.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection 134 22.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection 134 22.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems 134 22.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria 134 22.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria 135 22.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems 135 22.10 Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects 138 22.11 Cost of Cathodic Protection 138 22.12 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems 139 23 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 141 23.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization 141 23.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need 142 23.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency 142 23.4 Service Life of an Anode 142 23.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes 142 23.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes 143 23.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes 145 23.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds 146 23.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects 148 23.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems 148 24 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 151 24.1 T/R Units 151 24.2 Types of Anodes 153 24.3 Anodic Bed Resistance 154 24.4 Types of Anodic Beds 155 24.5 Cable Cross-Sections 156 24.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects 156 24.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 157 25 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 159 25.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition 159 25.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 160 25.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 160 25.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 164 25.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 166 26 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 167 26.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures 168 26.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria 168 26.3 Determination of Protection Potential 168 26.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels 168 26.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-Stressed Steel Concrete Pipes 169 27 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 171 27.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides 172 27.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas 172 27.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds 173 27.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 173 27.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 173 27.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 173 27.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O) 174 27.8 Organic Acids 175 27.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3) 175 27.10 Phenols 175 27.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 175 27.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH) 176 27.13 Mercury (Hg) 176 27.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) 176 27.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) 176 28 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems 177 28.1 Pipes Made of Iron and its Alloys 177 28.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 178 28.3 Water Pipeline Systems 179 29 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 181 29.1 Measurement of Terrain's Resistivity 181 29.2 Potential Measurements 182 29.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements 183 29.4 Measuring Potential Along the Pipeline 183 29.5 Maintenance of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systems 183 29.6 Measurement Stations 184 29.8 Cathodic Protection of Airport Fuel Distribution Lines 185 29.9 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines 185 30 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 187 30.1 Cathodic Protection of Inner Surfaces of Crude Oil Storage Tanks 187 31 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 31.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 31.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 193 31.3 Cathodic Protection of Ships 193 31.4 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles with Galvanic Anodes 196 32 Cathodic Protection of the Potable Water Tanks 197 33 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 199 33.1 Corrosion in Boilers 199 33.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 200 34 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 203 34.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems 203 34.2 Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 203 References 205 Part 3 Corrosion Engineering 35 Corrosion of Materials 215 35.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 216 35.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 216 35.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 216 36 Cost of Corrosion 225 36.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 225 36.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 226 36.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 226 36.4 Contamination of the Product 226 36.5 Maintenance Costs 226 36.6 Overprotective Measures 226 37 Factors Influencing Corrosion 227 37.1 Nature of the Metal 228 37.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 229 38 Corrosion Mechanisms 231 38.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 231 38.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 232 38.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 234 39 Types of Corrosion 235 39.1 Uniform Corrosion 235 39.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 241 40 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion 253 40.1 Gibbs Free Energy ( G) 253 40.2 Passivity 254 40.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 255 40.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 256 40.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 256 40.6 Polarization 257 40.7 Polarization Curves 259 41 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 263 41.1 Proper Design 264 41.2 Choice of Material 265 41.3 Protective Coatings 267 41.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 273 41.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 284 42 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 295 42.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition 295 42.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 296 42.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 296 42.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 300 42.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 302 43 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 305 43.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 305 43.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 307 44 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 309 44.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 310 44.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 314 44.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 315 45 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 317 45.1 Water Pipeline Systems 317 45.2 Cooling Water Systems 319 45.3 Potable Water Tanks 319 45.4 Boilers 319 45.5 Geothermal Systems 322 References 325 Part 4 Questions and Answers 46 Corrosion: Definition and History 341 Questions 341 Answers & Solutions 343 Answer Key 344 47 Corrosion of Materials 345 Questions 345 Answers & Solutions 356 Answer Key 364 48 Cost of Corrosion 365 Questions 365 Answers & Solutions 367 Answer Key 369 49 Factors Influencing Corrosion 371 Questions 371 Answers & Solutions 375 Answer Key 380 50 Corrosion Mechanisms 381 Questions 381 Answers & Solutions 383 Answer Key 386 51 Types of Corrosion 387 Questions 387 Answers & Solutions 409 Answer Key 431 52 Corrosion Prevention 433 Questions 433 Answers & Solutions 467 Answer Key 502 53 Corrosion in Engineering Materials 503 Questions 503 Answers & Solutions 526 Answer Key 548 54 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 551 Questions 551 Answers & Solutions 564 Answer Key 574 55 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 575 Questions 575 Answers & Solutions 578 Answer Key 580 56 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 581 Questions 581 Answers & Solutions 591 Answer Key 601 57 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 603 Questions 603 Answers & Solutions 610 Answer Key 617 58 Thermodynamics of Corrosion 619 Questions 619 Answers & Solutions 626 Answer Key 633 59 Cathodic Protection 635 Questions 635 Answers & Solutions 648 Answer Key 660 60 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 661 Questions 661 Answers & Solutions 671 Answer Key 681 61 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 683 Questions 683 Answers & Questions 693 Answer Key 702 62 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 703 Questions 703 Answers & Solutions 707 Answer Key 710 63 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 711 Questions 711 Answers & Solutions 717 Answer Key 722 64 Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 723 Questions 723 Answers & Solutions 726 Answer Key 729 65 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 731 Questions 731 Answers & Solutions 737 Answer Key 741 Index 743
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