Copper, Brass, and Bronze Surfaces
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Copper, Brass, and Bronze Surfaces
A Guide to Alloys, Finishes, Fabrication, and Maintenance in Architecture and Art
Zahner, L. William
John Wiley & Sons Inc
04/2020
368
Mole
Inglês
9781119541660
15 a 20 dias
734
Descrição não disponível.
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction-Element 29 1
Introduction 1
Color 6
Colors of Alloys 8
Copper Minerals 12
History 13
The Modern Copper Production Process 19
Sustainability, Environmental, and Hygienic Concerns 22
Copper and Water 23
Health and Safety 24
Copper: The Antimicrobial Metal 25
Copper Alloys for the Arts 26
Chapter 2 Copper and Its Alloys 31
Introduction 31
The Rich History of Copper Alloys 31
Elements Added to Copper 33
Alloy Designation System 34
The Unified Numbering System 34
Tempers 36
Wrought Copper Alloys 38
Brasses 40
Leaded Brasses 49
Tin Brasses 54
Phosphor-Bronze Alloys 56
Aluminum-Bronze Alloys 58
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 60
Copper-Nickel and Nickel-Silver Alloys 61
Cast Alloys 66
Red Brasses 69
Yellow Brasses 71
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 73
A Tin-Bronze Alloy 76
Nickel-Silver Alloys 77
A Manganese-Bronze Alloy 78
Chapter 3 Surface Finishes 79
Introduction 79
Mill Surfaces 80
Mechanical Finishes and Temporary Protection 81
Color from Oxidation and Chemical Reactions 91
Textures 123
Tin-Coated Copper 135
Melted Copper Alloy Surfacing 136
Copper and Glass 137
Protecting the Surface 138
Chapter 4 Expectations of the Visual Surface 139
Introduction 139
Intent: An Unchanged Surface Appearance 143
Intent: A Surface Appearance That Changes Naturally 154
Flatness 155
Texturing the Surface 160
Initial Oxidation on Copper Alloys 161
In Situ Patination 163
Prepatination 164
The Effect of Sealants 166
The Cast Surface 167
Arriving at the Best Possible Outcome 167
Chapter 5 Designing with the Available Forms 173
A Brief History 173
Wrought Forms 176
The Cast Form 204
Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes and Techniques 211
Introduction 211
Forming 213
V-cutting 215
Cutting Copper Alloys 220
Machining 227
Soldering, Brazing, and Welding 231
Casting 241
Chapter 7 Corrosion Characteristics 251
General Information 251
Categories of Corrosion 260
Environmental Exposures 279
Acids and Bases 283
Copper Alloy Surface Categories 286
Chapter 8 Maintaining the Copper Alloy Surface 295
Introduction 295
Protecting the New Copper Alloy Surface 296
Achieving Physical Cleanliness 296
Achieving Chemical Cleanliness 311
Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness 320
Repairing Patinas 326
Protecting the Surfaces of Copper and Copper Alloys 328
Cleaning the Copper Surface 333
Removing Copper Stains from Other Substances 334
Deteriorating Patinas 335
Appendix A Comparative Attributes of Metals Used in Art and Architecture 337
Appendix B Hardware Finish Codes and Descriptions 341
Appendix C Numbering Systems Used for Copper Alloys 345
Further Reading 347
Index 349
Chapter 1 Introduction-Element 29 1
Introduction 1
Color 6
Colors of Alloys 8
Copper Minerals 12
History 13
The Modern Copper Production Process 19
Sustainability, Environmental, and Hygienic Concerns 22
Copper and Water 23
Health and Safety 24
Copper: The Antimicrobial Metal 25
Copper Alloys for the Arts 26
Chapter 2 Copper and Its Alloys 31
Introduction 31
The Rich History of Copper Alloys 31
Elements Added to Copper 33
Alloy Designation System 34
The Unified Numbering System 34
Tempers 36
Wrought Copper Alloys 38
Brasses 40
Leaded Brasses 49
Tin Brasses 54
Phosphor-Bronze Alloys 56
Aluminum-Bronze Alloys 58
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 60
Copper-Nickel and Nickel-Silver Alloys 61
Cast Alloys 66
Red Brasses 69
Yellow Brasses 71
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 73
A Tin-Bronze Alloy 76
Nickel-Silver Alloys 77
A Manganese-Bronze Alloy 78
Chapter 3 Surface Finishes 79
Introduction 79
Mill Surfaces 80
Mechanical Finishes and Temporary Protection 81
Color from Oxidation and Chemical Reactions 91
Textures 123
Tin-Coated Copper 135
Melted Copper Alloy Surfacing 136
Copper and Glass 137
Protecting the Surface 138
Chapter 4 Expectations of the Visual Surface 139
Introduction 139
Intent: An Unchanged Surface Appearance 143
Intent: A Surface Appearance That Changes Naturally 154
Flatness 155
Texturing the Surface 160
Initial Oxidation on Copper Alloys 161
In Situ Patination 163
Prepatination 164
The Effect of Sealants 166
The Cast Surface 167
Arriving at the Best Possible Outcome 167
Chapter 5 Designing with the Available Forms 173
A Brief History 173
Wrought Forms 176
The Cast Form 204
Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes and Techniques 211
Introduction 211
Forming 213
V-cutting 215
Cutting Copper Alloys 220
Machining 227
Soldering, Brazing, and Welding 231
Casting 241
Chapter 7 Corrosion Characteristics 251
General Information 251
Categories of Corrosion 260
Environmental Exposures 279
Acids and Bases 283
Copper Alloy Surface Categories 286
Chapter 8 Maintaining the Copper Alloy Surface 295
Introduction 295
Protecting the New Copper Alloy Surface 296
Achieving Physical Cleanliness 296
Achieving Chemical Cleanliness 311
Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness 320
Repairing Patinas 326
Protecting the Surfaces of Copper and Copper Alloys 328
Cleaning the Copper Surface 333
Removing Copper Stains from Other Substances 334
Deteriorating Patinas 335
Appendix A Comparative Attributes of Metals Used in Art and Architecture 337
Appendix B Hardware Finish Codes and Descriptions 341
Appendix C Numbering Systems Used for Copper Alloys 345
Further Reading 347
Index 349
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
color; alloys; modern; production; element; history; process; minerals; copper; colors; element color colors; alloys copper minerals history modern; Guide to copper finishes; Guide to copper fabrication; guide to copper maintenance; guide to brass finishes; guide to brass fabrication; guide to brass maintenance; guide to bronze finishes, guide to bronze fabrication; guide to bronze maintenance
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction-Element 29 1
Introduction 1
Color 6
Colors of Alloys 8
Copper Minerals 12
History 13
The Modern Copper Production Process 19
Sustainability, Environmental, and Hygienic Concerns 22
Copper and Water 23
Health and Safety 24
Copper: The Antimicrobial Metal 25
Copper Alloys for the Arts 26
Chapter 2 Copper and Its Alloys 31
Introduction 31
The Rich History of Copper Alloys 31
Elements Added to Copper 33
Alloy Designation System 34
The Unified Numbering System 34
Tempers 36
Wrought Copper Alloys 38
Brasses 40
Leaded Brasses 49
Tin Brasses 54
Phosphor-Bronze Alloys 56
Aluminum-Bronze Alloys 58
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 60
Copper-Nickel and Nickel-Silver Alloys 61
Cast Alloys 66
Red Brasses 69
Yellow Brasses 71
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 73
A Tin-Bronze Alloy 76
Nickel-Silver Alloys 77
A Manganese-Bronze Alloy 78
Chapter 3 Surface Finishes 79
Introduction 79
Mill Surfaces 80
Mechanical Finishes and Temporary Protection 81
Color from Oxidation and Chemical Reactions 91
Textures 123
Tin-Coated Copper 135
Melted Copper Alloy Surfacing 136
Copper and Glass 137
Protecting the Surface 138
Chapter 4 Expectations of the Visual Surface 139
Introduction 139
Intent: An Unchanged Surface Appearance 143
Intent: A Surface Appearance That Changes Naturally 154
Flatness 155
Texturing the Surface 160
Initial Oxidation on Copper Alloys 161
In Situ Patination 163
Prepatination 164
The Effect of Sealants 166
The Cast Surface 167
Arriving at the Best Possible Outcome 167
Chapter 5 Designing with the Available Forms 173
A Brief History 173
Wrought Forms 176
The Cast Form 204
Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes and Techniques 211
Introduction 211
Forming 213
V-cutting 215
Cutting Copper Alloys 220
Machining 227
Soldering, Brazing, and Welding 231
Casting 241
Chapter 7 Corrosion Characteristics 251
General Information 251
Categories of Corrosion 260
Environmental Exposures 279
Acids and Bases 283
Copper Alloy Surface Categories 286
Chapter 8 Maintaining the Copper Alloy Surface 295
Introduction 295
Protecting the New Copper Alloy Surface 296
Achieving Physical Cleanliness 296
Achieving Chemical Cleanliness 311
Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness 320
Repairing Patinas 326
Protecting the Surfaces of Copper and Copper Alloys 328
Cleaning the Copper Surface 333
Removing Copper Stains from Other Substances 334
Deteriorating Patinas 335
Appendix A Comparative Attributes of Metals Used in Art and Architecture 337
Appendix B Hardware Finish Codes and Descriptions 341
Appendix C Numbering Systems Used for Copper Alloys 345
Further Reading 347
Index 349
Chapter 1 Introduction-Element 29 1
Introduction 1
Color 6
Colors of Alloys 8
Copper Minerals 12
History 13
The Modern Copper Production Process 19
Sustainability, Environmental, and Hygienic Concerns 22
Copper and Water 23
Health and Safety 24
Copper: The Antimicrobial Metal 25
Copper Alloys for the Arts 26
Chapter 2 Copper and Its Alloys 31
Introduction 31
The Rich History of Copper Alloys 31
Elements Added to Copper 33
Alloy Designation System 34
The Unified Numbering System 34
Tempers 36
Wrought Copper Alloys 38
Brasses 40
Leaded Brasses 49
Tin Brasses 54
Phosphor-Bronze Alloys 56
Aluminum-Bronze Alloys 58
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 60
Copper-Nickel and Nickel-Silver Alloys 61
Cast Alloys 66
Red Brasses 69
Yellow Brasses 71
Silicon-Bronze Alloys 73
A Tin-Bronze Alloy 76
Nickel-Silver Alloys 77
A Manganese-Bronze Alloy 78
Chapter 3 Surface Finishes 79
Introduction 79
Mill Surfaces 80
Mechanical Finishes and Temporary Protection 81
Color from Oxidation and Chemical Reactions 91
Textures 123
Tin-Coated Copper 135
Melted Copper Alloy Surfacing 136
Copper and Glass 137
Protecting the Surface 138
Chapter 4 Expectations of the Visual Surface 139
Introduction 139
Intent: An Unchanged Surface Appearance 143
Intent: A Surface Appearance That Changes Naturally 154
Flatness 155
Texturing the Surface 160
Initial Oxidation on Copper Alloys 161
In Situ Patination 163
Prepatination 164
The Effect of Sealants 166
The Cast Surface 167
Arriving at the Best Possible Outcome 167
Chapter 5 Designing with the Available Forms 173
A Brief History 173
Wrought Forms 176
The Cast Form 204
Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes and Techniques 211
Introduction 211
Forming 213
V-cutting 215
Cutting Copper Alloys 220
Machining 227
Soldering, Brazing, and Welding 231
Casting 241
Chapter 7 Corrosion Characteristics 251
General Information 251
Categories of Corrosion 260
Environmental Exposures 279
Acids and Bases 283
Copper Alloy Surface Categories 286
Chapter 8 Maintaining the Copper Alloy Surface 295
Introduction 295
Protecting the New Copper Alloy Surface 296
Achieving Physical Cleanliness 296
Achieving Chemical Cleanliness 311
Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness 320
Repairing Patinas 326
Protecting the Surfaces of Copper and Copper Alloys 328
Cleaning the Copper Surface 333
Removing Copper Stains from Other Substances 334
Deteriorating Patinas 335
Appendix A Comparative Attributes of Metals Used in Art and Architecture 337
Appendix B Hardware Finish Codes and Descriptions 341
Appendix C Numbering Systems Used for Copper Alloys 345
Further Reading 347
Index 349
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
color; alloys; modern; production; element; history; process; minerals; copper; colors; element color colors; alloys copper minerals history modern; Guide to copper finishes; Guide to copper fabrication; guide to copper maintenance; guide to brass finishes; guide to brass fabrication; guide to brass maintenance; guide to bronze finishes, guide to bronze fabrication; guide to bronze maintenance
