Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering
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portes grátis
Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering
; ;
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
10/2018
400
Dura
Inglês
9781119390329
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
List of Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Preface xix Introduction to Science and Engineering Principles for the Development of Bioinspired Materials 1 Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Zhijun Shi, Sehrish Manan, and Guang Yang I.1 Bioinspiration 1 I.2 Bioinspired Materials 1 I.3 Biofabrication 2 I.3.1 Summary of Part I Biofabrication 2 I.4 Biofabrication Strategies 3 I.4.1 Conventional Biofabrication Strategies 3 I.4.2 Advanced Biofabrication Strategies 3 I.5 Part II Biomacromolecules 5 I.5.1 Summary of Part II Biomacromolecules 5 I.5.2 Carbohydrates 5 I.5.3 Proteins 8 I.5.4 Nucleic Acids 9 I.6 Part III Biomaterials 11 I.6.1 Summary of Part III Biomaterials 11 I.6.2 Features of Biomaterials 12 I.6.3 Current Advances in Biomaterials Science 13 I.7 Scope of the Book 13 Acknowledgments 14 References 14 Part I Biofabrication 17 1 Biotemplating Principles 19 Cordt Zollfrank and Daniel Van Opdenbosch 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Mineralization in Nature 20 1.2.1 Biomineralization 20 1.2.2 Geological Mineralization 21 1.3 Petrified Wood in Construction and Technology 23 1.4 Structural Description and Emulation 24 1.4.1 Antiquity 24 1.4.2 Modern Age: Advent of the Light Microscope 24 1.4.3 Aqueous Silicon Dioxide, Prime Mineralization Agent 25 1.4.4 Artificial Petrifaction of Wood 25 1.5 Characteristic Parameters 28 1.5.1 Hierarchical Structuring 28 1.5.2 Specific Surface Areas 32 1.5.3 Pore Structures 32 1.6 Applications 34 1.6.1 Mechanoceramics 34 1.6.2 Nanoparticle Substrates 35 1.6.3 Filter and Burner Assemblies 35 1.6.4 Photovoltaic and Sensing Materials 36 1.6.5 Wettability Control 37 1.6.6 Image Plates 38 1.7 Limitations and Challenges 38 1.7.1 Particle Growth 38 1.7.2 Comparison with Alternating Processing Principles 40 1.7.3 Availability 40 1.8 Conclusion and Future Topics 42 Acknowledgments 42 Notes 42 References 43 2 Tubular Tissue Engineering Based on Microfluidics 53 Lixue Tang, Wenfu Zheng, and Xingyu Jiang 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Natural Tubular Structures 53 2.2.1 Blood Vessels 53 2.2.2 Lymphatic Vessels 53 2.2.3 Vessels in the Digestive System 54 2.2.4 Vessels in the Respiratory System 54 2.2.5 The Features of the Natural Tubular Structures 54 2.3 Microfluidics 54 2.3.1 An Introduction to Microfluidics 54 2.3.2 Microfluidics to Manipulate Cells 55 2.4 Fabrication of Tubular Structures by Microfluidics 58 2.4.1 Angiogenesis 58 2.4.2 Tissue Engineering of Natural Tubes 58 2.4.3 Tissue Engineering of Other Tubular Structures 62 2.5 Conclusion 64 Acknowledgments 64 References 64 3 Construction of Three?Dimensional Tissues with Capillary Networks by Coating of Nanometer? or Micrometer?Sized Film on Cell Surfaces 67 Michiya Matsusaki, Akihiro Nishiguchi, Chun?Yen Liu, and Mitsuru Akashi 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Fabrication of Nanometer? and Micrometer?Sized ECM Layers on Cell Surfaces 68 3.2.1 Control of Cell Surface by FN Nanofilms 68 3.2.2 Control of Cell Surface by Collagen Microfilms 72 3.3 3D? Tissue with Various Thicknesses and Cell Densities 75 3.4 Fabrication of Vascularized 3D?Tissues and Their Applications 77 3.5 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgments 80 References 80 4 Three?dimensional Biofabrication on Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates 83 Tetsuo Kondo 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 What Is Nematic Ordered Cellulose (NOC)? 84 4.2.1 Nematic Ordered Cellulose 84 4.2.2 Various Nematic Ordered Templates and Modified Nematic Ordered Cellulose 87 4.3 Exclusive Surface Properties of NOC and Its Unique Applications 89 4.3.1 Bio?Directed Epitaxial Nano?Deposition on Molecular Tracks of the NOC Template 89 4.3.2 Critical Factors in Bio?Directed Epitaxial Nano?Deposition on Molecular Tracks 90 4.3.3 Regulated Patterns of Bacterial Movements Based on Their Secreted Cellulose Nanofibers Interacting Interfacially with Ordered Chitin and Honeycomb Cellulose Templates 93 4.3.4 NOC Templates Mediating Order?Patterned Deposition Accompanied by Synthesis of Calcium Phosphates as Biomimic Mineralization 97 4.3.5 Three?Dimensional Culture of Epidermal Cells on NOC Scaffolds 98 4.4 Conclusion 100 References 101 5 Preparation and Application of Biomimetic Materials Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Proteins 103 Heng Shen, Zhenchao Qian, Ning Zhao, and Jian Xu 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Various Research Studies 104 5.3 Conclusion 116 References 116 6 Self?assembly of Polylactic Acid?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Their Application in the Biomedical Field 119 Lin Xiao, Lixia Huang, Li Liu, and Guang Yang 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Micellar Structures from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 119 6.2.1 Preparation and Mechanism of Micellar Structures 120 6.2.2 Stability and Stimuli?Responsive Properties: Molecular Design and Biomedical Applications 122 6.3 Hydrogels from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 125 6.3.1 Mechanism of Hydrogel Formation from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 125 6.3.2 Properties and Biomedical Applications of Hydrogel from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 126 6.4 Conclusion 127 Acknowledgments 127 References 127 Part II Biomacromolecules 131 7 Electroconductive Bioscaffolds for 2D and 3D Cell Culture 133 Zhijun Shi, Lin Mao, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Sixiang Li, Li Wang, Sanming Hu, and Guang Yang 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Electrical Stimulation 133 7.3 Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 135 7.3.1 Conductive Polymers?based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 135 7.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes?based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 137 7.3.3 Graphene?based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 140 7.4 Conclusion 145 Acknowledgments 145 References 145 8 Starch and Plant Storage Polysaccharides 149 Francisco Vilaplana, Wei Zou, and Robert G. Gilbert 8.1 Starch and Other Seed Polysaccharides: Availability, Molecular Structure, and Heterogeneity 149 8.1.1 Molecular Structure and Composition of Seeds and Cereal Grains 149 8.1.2 Starch Hierarchical Structure from Bonds to the Granule 149 8.1.3 Crystalline Structure 149 8.1.4 Granular Structure 150 8.1.5 Mannans, Galactomannans, and Glucomannans 150 8.1.6 Xyloglucans 151 8.1.7 Xylans. Arabinoxylans, Glucuronoxylans, and Glucuronoarabinoxylans 153 8.2 Effect of the Molecular Structure of Starch and Seed Polysaccharides on the Macroscopic Properties of Derived Carbohydrate?based Materials 154 8.2.1 Factors Affecting Starch Digestibility 154 8.2.2 Structural Aspects of Seed Polysaccharides Affecting Configuration and Macroscopic Properties 158 8.3 Chemo? enzymatic Modification Routes for Starch and Seed Polysaccharides 160 8.4 Conclusion 161 References 162 9 Conformational Properties of Polysaccharide Derivatives 167 Ken Terao and Takahiro Sato 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Theoretical Backbone to Determine the Chain Conformation of Linear and Cyclic Polymers from Dilute Solution Properties 169 9.3 Chain Conformation of Linear Polysaccharides Carbamate Derivatives in Dilute Solution 171 9.3.1 Effects of the Main Chain Linkage of the Polysaccharides Phenylcarbamate Derivatives 171 9.3.2 Effects of Hydrogen Bonds to Stabilize the Helical Structure 172 9.3.3 Enantiomeric Composition Dependent Chain Dimensions: ATBC and ATEC in d?, dl?, l-ethyl lactates 175 9.3.4 Solvent?Dependent Helical Structure and the Chain Stiffness of Amylose Phenylcarbamates in Polar Solvents 176 9.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystallinity of Polysaccharide Carbamate Derivatives 177 9.5 Cyclic Amylose Carbamate Derivatives: An Application to Rigid Cyclic Polymers 178 9.6 Conclusion 180 Appendix: Wormlike Chain Parameters for Polysaccharide Carbamate Derivatives 181 References 182 10 Silk Proteins: A Natural Resource for Biomaterials 185 Lallepak Lamboni, Tiatou Souho, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, and Guang Yang 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 Bio? synthesis of Silk Proteins 186 10.2.1 Silkworm Silk Glands 186 10.2.2 Regulation of Silk Proteins Synthesis 186 10.2.3 Synthesis of Fibroin 187 10.2.4 Synthesis of Sericin 187 10.2.5 Silk Filament Assembly 187 10.3 Extraction of Silk Proteins 188 10.3.1 Silk Degumming 188 10.3.2 Fibroin Regeneration 188 10.3.3 Sericin Recovery 189 10.4 Structure and Physical Properties of Silk Proteins 189 10.4.1 Silk Fibroin 189 10.4.2 Silk Sericin 189 10.5 Properties of Silk Proteins in Biomedical Applications 190 10.5.1 Silk Fibroin 190 10.5.2 Biomedical Uses of Silk Sericin 190 10.6 Processing Silk Fibroin for the Preparation of Biomaterials 192 10.6.1 Fabrication of 3D Matrices 193 10.6.2 Fabrication of SF?based Films 193 10.6.3 Preparation of SF?based Particulate Materials 194 10.7 Processing Silk Sericin for Biomaterials Applications 194 10.8 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgments 195 Abbreviations 195 References 195 11 Polypeptides Synthesized by Ring?opening Polymerization of N?Carboxyanhydrides: Preparation, Assembly, and Applications 201 Yuan Yao, Yongfeng Zhou, and Deyue Yan 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Living Polymerization of NCAs 201 11.2.1 Transition Metal Complexes 201 11.2.2 Active Initiators Based on Amines 203 11.2.3 Recent Advances in Living NCA ROP Polymerization, 2013?2016 204 11.3 Synthesis of Traditional Copolypeptides and Hybrids 204 11.3.1 Random Copolypeptides 205 11.3.2 Hybrid Block Polypeptides 205 11.3.3 Block Copolypeptides 206 11.3.4 Non?linear Polypeptides and Copolypeptides 206 11.4 New Monomers and Side?Chain Functionalized Polypeptides 208 11.4.1 New NCA Monomers 208 11.4.2 Glycopolypeptides 208 11.4.3 Water?soluble Polypeptides with Stable Helical Conformation 209 11.4.4 Stimuli?responsive Polypeptides 210 11.5 The Self?assembly of Polypeptides 212 11.5.1 Chiral Self?assembly 212 11.5.2 Self?assembly with Inorganic Sources 213 11.5.3 Microphase Separation of Polypeptides 214 11.5.4 Self?assembly in Solution 214 11.5.5 Polypeptide Gels 215 11.6 Novel Bio?related Applications of Polypeptides 216 11.6.1 Drug Delivery 216 11.6.2 Gene Delivery 216 11.6.3 Membrane Active and Antimicrobial Polypeptides 217 11.6.4 Tissue Engineering 217 11.7 Conclusion 219 References 219 12 Preparation of Gradient Polymeric Structures and Their Biological Applications 225 Tao Du, Feng Zhou, and Shutao Wang 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 Gradient Polymeric Structures 225 12.2.1 Gradient Hydrogels 225 12.2.2 Gradient Polymer Brushes 230 12.3 Gradient Polymeric Structures Regulated Cell Behavior 241 12.3.1 Gradient Cell Adhesion 241 12.3.2 Cell Migration 244 12.4 Conclusion 247 References 247 Part III Biomaterials 251 13 Bioinspired Materials and Structures: A Case Study Based on Selected Examples 253 Tom Masselter, Georg Bold, Marc Thielen, Olga Speck, and Thomas Speck 13.1 Introduction 253 13.2 Fiber? reinforced Structures Inspired by Unbranched and Branched Plant Stems 253 13.2.1 Technical Plant Stem 254 13.2.2 Branched Fiber?reinforced Structures 254 13.3 Pomelo Peel as Inspiration for Biomimetic Impact Protectors 255 13.3.1 Hierarchical Structuring and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties 256 13.3.2 Functional Principles for Biomimetic Impact Protectors 258 13.4 Self? repair in Technical Materials Inspired by Plants' Solutions 258 13.4.1 Plant Latex: Self?Sealing, Self?Healing and More 258 13.4.2 Wound Sealing in the Dutchmen's Pipe: Concept Generator for Self?Sealing Pneumatic Systems 259 13.5 Elastic Architecture: Lessons Learnt from Plant Movements 261 13.5.1 Plant Movements: A Treasure Trove for Basic and Applied Research 261 13.5.2 Flectofin (R): a Biomimetic Facade?Shading System Inspired by the Deformation Principle of the "Perch" of the Bird of Paradise Flower 262 13.6 Conclusions 264 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 14 Thermal? and Photo?deformable Liquid Crystal Polymers and Bioinspired Movements 267 Yuyun Liu, Jiu?an Lv, and Yanlei Yu 14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 Thermal? responsive CLCPs 267 14.2.1 Thermal?responsive Deformation of CLCPs 267 14.2.2 Bioinspired Thermal?responsive Nanostructure CLCP Surfaces 271 14.3 Photothermal? responsive CLCPs 276 14.4 Light? responsive CLCPs 278 14.4.1 Light?responsive Deformation of CLCPs 278 14.4.2 Bioinspired Soft Actuators 282 14.4.3 Bioinspired Light?responsive Microstructured CLCP Surfaces 285 14.4 Conclusion 290 References 291 15 Tuning Mechanical Properties of Protein Hydrogels: Inspirations from Nature and Lessons from Synthetic Polymers 295 Xiao?Wei Wang, Dong Liu, Guang?Zhong Yin, and Wen?Bin Zhang 15.1 Introduction 295 15.2 What Are Different about Proteins? 296 15.2.1 Protein Structure and Function 296 15.2.2 Protein Synthesis 297 15.3 Protein Cross?linking 298 15.3.1 Chemical Cross?linking of Proteins 298 15.3.2 Physical Cross?linking of Proteins 299 15.4 Strategies for Mechanical Reinforcement 300 15.4.1 Lessons from Synthetic Polymers 302 15.4.2 Inspirations from Nature 305 15.5 Conclusion 306 References 307 16 Dendritic Polymer Micelles for Drug Delivery 311 Mosa Alsehli and Mario Gauthier 16.1 Introduction 311 16.2 Dendrimers 312 16.2.1 Dendrimer Synthesis: Divergent and Convergent Methods 312 16.3 Hyperbranched Polymers 319 16.4 Dendrigraft Polymers 323 16.4.1 Divergent Grafting Onto Strategy 323 16.4.2 Divergent Grafting from Strategy 328 16.4.3 Convergent Grafting Through Strategy 332 16.5 Conclusion 333 References 334 17 Bone?inspired Biomaterials 337 Frank A. Muller 17.1 Introduction 337 17.2 Bone 337 17.3 Bone? like Materials 340 17.3.1 Biomimetic Apatite 340 17.3.2 Bone?inspired Hybrids 343 17.4 Bone? like Scaffolds 344 17.4.1 Additive Manufacturing 344 17.4.2 Ice Templating 346 17.5 Conclusion 349 References 349 18 Research Progress in Biomimetic Materials for Human Dental Caries Restoration 351 Yazi Wang, Fengwei Liu, Eric Habib, Ruili Wang, Xiaoze Jiang, X.X. Zhu, and Meifang Zhu 18.1 Introduction 351 18.2 Tooth Structure 351 18.3 The Formation Mechanism of Dental Caries 352 18.4 HA? filled Biomimetic Resin Composites 352 18.4.1 Particulate HA as Filler in Dental Restorative Resin Composites 352 18.4.2 Novel Shapes of HA as Fillers in Dental Restorative Resin Composites 354 18.4.3 Challenges and Future Developments 355 18.5 Biomimetic Synthesis of Enamel Microstructure 356 18.5.1 Amelogenins?containing Systems 356 18.5.2 Peptides?containing Systems 357 18.5.3 Biopolymer Gel Systems 359 18.5.4 Dendrimers?containing Systems 360 18.5.5 Surfactants/Chelators?containing Systems 360 18.5.6 Challenges and Future Developments 360 Acknowledgments 362 References 362 Index 365
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List of Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Preface xix Introduction to Science and Engineering Principles for the Development of Bioinspired Materials 1 Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Zhijun Shi, Sehrish Manan, and Guang Yang I.1 Bioinspiration 1 I.2 Bioinspired Materials 1 I.3 Biofabrication 2 I.3.1 Summary of Part I Biofabrication 2 I.4 Biofabrication Strategies 3 I.4.1 Conventional Biofabrication Strategies 3 I.4.2 Advanced Biofabrication Strategies 3 I.5 Part II Biomacromolecules 5 I.5.1 Summary of Part II Biomacromolecules 5 I.5.2 Carbohydrates 5 I.5.3 Proteins 8 I.5.4 Nucleic Acids 9 I.6 Part III Biomaterials 11 I.6.1 Summary of Part III Biomaterials 11 I.6.2 Features of Biomaterials 12 I.6.3 Current Advances in Biomaterials Science 13 I.7 Scope of the Book 13 Acknowledgments 14 References 14 Part I Biofabrication 17 1 Biotemplating Principles 19 Cordt Zollfrank and Daniel Van Opdenbosch 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Mineralization in Nature 20 1.2.1 Biomineralization 20 1.2.2 Geological Mineralization 21 1.3 Petrified Wood in Construction and Technology 23 1.4 Structural Description and Emulation 24 1.4.1 Antiquity 24 1.4.2 Modern Age: Advent of the Light Microscope 24 1.4.3 Aqueous Silicon Dioxide, Prime Mineralization Agent 25 1.4.4 Artificial Petrifaction of Wood 25 1.5 Characteristic Parameters 28 1.5.1 Hierarchical Structuring 28 1.5.2 Specific Surface Areas 32 1.5.3 Pore Structures 32 1.6 Applications 34 1.6.1 Mechanoceramics 34 1.6.2 Nanoparticle Substrates 35 1.6.3 Filter and Burner Assemblies 35 1.6.4 Photovoltaic and Sensing Materials 36 1.6.5 Wettability Control 37 1.6.6 Image Plates 38 1.7 Limitations and Challenges 38 1.7.1 Particle Growth 38 1.7.2 Comparison with Alternating Processing Principles 40 1.7.3 Availability 40 1.8 Conclusion and Future Topics 42 Acknowledgments 42 Notes 42 References 43 2 Tubular Tissue Engineering Based on Microfluidics 53 Lixue Tang, Wenfu Zheng, and Xingyu Jiang 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Natural Tubular Structures 53 2.2.1 Blood Vessels 53 2.2.2 Lymphatic Vessels 53 2.2.3 Vessels in the Digestive System 54 2.2.4 Vessels in the Respiratory System 54 2.2.5 The Features of the Natural Tubular Structures 54 2.3 Microfluidics 54 2.3.1 An Introduction to Microfluidics 54 2.3.2 Microfluidics to Manipulate Cells 55 2.4 Fabrication of Tubular Structures by Microfluidics 58 2.4.1 Angiogenesis 58 2.4.2 Tissue Engineering of Natural Tubes 58 2.4.3 Tissue Engineering of Other Tubular Structures 62 2.5 Conclusion 64 Acknowledgments 64 References 64 3 Construction of Three?Dimensional Tissues with Capillary Networks by Coating of Nanometer? or Micrometer?Sized Film on Cell Surfaces 67 Michiya Matsusaki, Akihiro Nishiguchi, Chun?Yen Liu, and Mitsuru Akashi 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Fabrication of Nanometer? and Micrometer?Sized ECM Layers on Cell Surfaces 68 3.2.1 Control of Cell Surface by FN Nanofilms 68 3.2.2 Control of Cell Surface by Collagen Microfilms 72 3.3 3D? Tissue with Various Thicknesses and Cell Densities 75 3.4 Fabrication of Vascularized 3D?Tissues and Their Applications 77 3.5 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgments 80 References 80 4 Three?dimensional Biofabrication on Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates 83 Tetsuo Kondo 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 What Is Nematic Ordered Cellulose (NOC)? 84 4.2.1 Nematic Ordered Cellulose 84 4.2.2 Various Nematic Ordered Templates and Modified Nematic Ordered Cellulose 87 4.3 Exclusive Surface Properties of NOC and Its Unique Applications 89 4.3.1 Bio?Directed Epitaxial Nano?Deposition on Molecular Tracks of the NOC Template 89 4.3.2 Critical Factors in Bio?Directed Epitaxial Nano?Deposition on Molecular Tracks 90 4.3.3 Regulated Patterns of Bacterial Movements Based on Their Secreted Cellulose Nanofibers Interacting Interfacially with Ordered Chitin and Honeycomb Cellulose Templates 93 4.3.4 NOC Templates Mediating Order?Patterned Deposition Accompanied by Synthesis of Calcium Phosphates as Biomimic Mineralization 97 4.3.5 Three?Dimensional Culture of Epidermal Cells on NOC Scaffolds 98 4.4 Conclusion 100 References 101 5 Preparation and Application of Biomimetic Materials Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Proteins 103 Heng Shen, Zhenchao Qian, Ning Zhao, and Jian Xu 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Various Research Studies 104 5.3 Conclusion 116 References 116 6 Self?assembly of Polylactic Acid?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Their Application in the Biomedical Field 119 Lin Xiao, Lixia Huang, Li Liu, and Guang Yang 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Micellar Structures from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 119 6.2.1 Preparation and Mechanism of Micellar Structures 120 6.2.2 Stability and Stimuli?Responsive Properties: Molecular Design and Biomedical Applications 122 6.3 Hydrogels from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 125 6.3.1 Mechanism of Hydrogel Formation from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 125 6.3.2 Properties and Biomedical Applications of Hydrogel from PLA?based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 126 6.4 Conclusion 127 Acknowledgments 127 References 127 Part II Biomacromolecules 131 7 Electroconductive Bioscaffolds for 2D and 3D Cell Culture 133 Zhijun Shi, Lin Mao, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Sixiang Li, Li Wang, Sanming Hu, and Guang Yang 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Electrical Stimulation 133 7.3 Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 135 7.3.1 Conductive Polymers?based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 135 7.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes?based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 137 7.3.3 Graphene?based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 140 7.4 Conclusion 145 Acknowledgments 145 References 145 8 Starch and Plant Storage Polysaccharides 149 Francisco Vilaplana, Wei Zou, and Robert G. Gilbert 8.1 Starch and Other Seed Polysaccharides: Availability, Molecular Structure, and Heterogeneity 149 8.1.1 Molecular Structure and Composition of Seeds and Cereal Grains 149 8.1.2 Starch Hierarchical Structure from Bonds to the Granule 149 8.1.3 Crystalline Structure 149 8.1.4 Granular Structure 150 8.1.5 Mannans, Galactomannans, and Glucomannans 150 8.1.6 Xyloglucans 151 8.1.7 Xylans. Arabinoxylans, Glucuronoxylans, and Glucuronoarabinoxylans 153 8.2 Effect of the Molecular Structure of Starch and Seed Polysaccharides on the Macroscopic Properties of Derived Carbohydrate?based Materials 154 8.2.1 Factors Affecting Starch Digestibility 154 8.2.2 Structural Aspects of Seed Polysaccharides Affecting Configuration and Macroscopic Properties 158 8.3 Chemo? enzymatic Modification Routes for Starch and Seed Polysaccharides 160 8.4 Conclusion 161 References 162 9 Conformational Properties of Polysaccharide Derivatives 167 Ken Terao and Takahiro Sato 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Theoretical Backbone to Determine the Chain Conformation of Linear and Cyclic Polymers from Dilute Solution Properties 169 9.3 Chain Conformation of Linear Polysaccharides Carbamate Derivatives in Dilute Solution 171 9.3.1 Effects of the Main Chain Linkage of the Polysaccharides Phenylcarbamate Derivatives 171 9.3.2 Effects of Hydrogen Bonds to Stabilize the Helical Structure 172 9.3.3 Enantiomeric Composition Dependent Chain Dimensions: ATBC and ATEC in d?, dl?, l-ethyl lactates 175 9.3.4 Solvent?Dependent Helical Structure and the Chain Stiffness of Amylose Phenylcarbamates in Polar Solvents 176 9.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystallinity of Polysaccharide Carbamate Derivatives 177 9.5 Cyclic Amylose Carbamate Derivatives: An Application to Rigid Cyclic Polymers 178 9.6 Conclusion 180 Appendix: Wormlike Chain Parameters for Polysaccharide Carbamate Derivatives 181 References 182 10 Silk Proteins: A Natural Resource for Biomaterials 185 Lallepak Lamboni, Tiatou Souho, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, and Guang Yang 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 Bio? synthesis of Silk Proteins 186 10.2.1 Silkworm Silk Glands 186 10.2.2 Regulation of Silk Proteins Synthesis 186 10.2.3 Synthesis of Fibroin 187 10.2.4 Synthesis of Sericin 187 10.2.5 Silk Filament Assembly 187 10.3 Extraction of Silk Proteins 188 10.3.1 Silk Degumming 188 10.3.2 Fibroin Regeneration 188 10.3.3 Sericin Recovery 189 10.4 Structure and Physical Properties of Silk Proteins 189 10.4.1 Silk Fibroin 189 10.4.2 Silk Sericin 189 10.5 Properties of Silk Proteins in Biomedical Applications 190 10.5.1 Silk Fibroin 190 10.5.2 Biomedical Uses of Silk Sericin 190 10.6 Processing Silk Fibroin for the Preparation of Biomaterials 192 10.6.1 Fabrication of 3D Matrices 193 10.6.2 Fabrication of SF?based Films 193 10.6.3 Preparation of SF?based Particulate Materials 194 10.7 Processing Silk Sericin for Biomaterials Applications 194 10.8 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgments 195 Abbreviations 195 References 195 11 Polypeptides Synthesized by Ring?opening Polymerization of N?Carboxyanhydrides: Preparation, Assembly, and Applications 201 Yuan Yao, Yongfeng Zhou, and Deyue Yan 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Living Polymerization of NCAs 201 11.2.1 Transition Metal Complexes 201 11.2.2 Active Initiators Based on Amines 203 11.2.3 Recent Advances in Living NCA ROP Polymerization, 2013?2016 204 11.3 Synthesis of Traditional Copolypeptides and Hybrids 204 11.3.1 Random Copolypeptides 205 11.3.2 Hybrid Block Polypeptides 205 11.3.3 Block Copolypeptides 206 11.3.4 Non?linear Polypeptides and Copolypeptides 206 11.4 New Monomers and Side?Chain Functionalized Polypeptides 208 11.4.1 New NCA Monomers 208 11.4.2 Glycopolypeptides 208 11.4.3 Water?soluble Polypeptides with Stable Helical Conformation 209 11.4.4 Stimuli?responsive Polypeptides 210 11.5 The Self?assembly of Polypeptides 212 11.5.1 Chiral Self?assembly 212 11.5.2 Self?assembly with Inorganic Sources 213 11.5.3 Microphase Separation of Polypeptides 214 11.5.4 Self?assembly in Solution 214 11.5.5 Polypeptide Gels 215 11.6 Novel Bio?related Applications of Polypeptides 216 11.6.1 Drug Delivery 216 11.6.2 Gene Delivery 216 11.6.3 Membrane Active and Antimicrobial Polypeptides 217 11.6.4 Tissue Engineering 217 11.7 Conclusion 219 References 219 12 Preparation of Gradient Polymeric Structures and Their Biological Applications 225 Tao Du, Feng Zhou, and Shutao Wang 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 Gradient Polymeric Structures 225 12.2.1 Gradient Hydrogels 225 12.2.2 Gradient Polymer Brushes 230 12.3 Gradient Polymeric Structures Regulated Cell Behavior 241 12.3.1 Gradient Cell Adhesion 241 12.3.2 Cell Migration 244 12.4 Conclusion 247 References 247 Part III Biomaterials 251 13 Bioinspired Materials and Structures: A Case Study Based on Selected Examples 253 Tom Masselter, Georg Bold, Marc Thielen, Olga Speck, and Thomas Speck 13.1 Introduction 253 13.2 Fiber? reinforced Structures Inspired by Unbranched and Branched Plant Stems 253 13.2.1 Technical Plant Stem 254 13.2.2 Branched Fiber?reinforced Structures 254 13.3 Pomelo Peel as Inspiration for Biomimetic Impact Protectors 255 13.3.1 Hierarchical Structuring and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties 256 13.3.2 Functional Principles for Biomimetic Impact Protectors 258 13.4 Self? repair in Technical Materials Inspired by Plants' Solutions 258 13.4.1 Plant Latex: Self?Sealing, Self?Healing and More 258 13.4.2 Wound Sealing in the Dutchmen's Pipe: Concept Generator for Self?Sealing Pneumatic Systems 259 13.5 Elastic Architecture: Lessons Learnt from Plant Movements 261 13.5.1 Plant Movements: A Treasure Trove for Basic and Applied Research 261 13.5.2 Flectofin (R): a Biomimetic Facade?Shading System Inspired by the Deformation Principle of the "Perch" of the Bird of Paradise Flower 262 13.6 Conclusions 264 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 14 Thermal? and Photo?deformable Liquid Crystal Polymers and Bioinspired Movements 267 Yuyun Liu, Jiu?an Lv, and Yanlei Yu 14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 Thermal? responsive CLCPs 267 14.2.1 Thermal?responsive Deformation of CLCPs 267 14.2.2 Bioinspired Thermal?responsive Nanostructure CLCP Surfaces 271 14.3 Photothermal? responsive CLCPs 276 14.4 Light? responsive CLCPs 278 14.4.1 Light?responsive Deformation of CLCPs 278 14.4.2 Bioinspired Soft Actuators 282 14.4.3 Bioinspired Light?responsive Microstructured CLCP Surfaces 285 14.4 Conclusion 290 References 291 15 Tuning Mechanical Properties of Protein Hydrogels: Inspirations from Nature and Lessons from Synthetic Polymers 295 Xiao?Wei Wang, Dong Liu, Guang?Zhong Yin, and Wen?Bin Zhang 15.1 Introduction 295 15.2 What Are Different about Proteins? 296 15.2.1 Protein Structure and Function 296 15.2.2 Protein Synthesis 297 15.3 Protein Cross?linking 298 15.3.1 Chemical Cross?linking of Proteins 298 15.3.2 Physical Cross?linking of Proteins 299 15.4 Strategies for Mechanical Reinforcement 300 15.4.1 Lessons from Synthetic Polymers 302 15.4.2 Inspirations from Nature 305 15.5 Conclusion 306 References 307 16 Dendritic Polymer Micelles for Drug Delivery 311 Mosa Alsehli and Mario Gauthier 16.1 Introduction 311 16.2 Dendrimers 312 16.2.1 Dendrimer Synthesis: Divergent and Convergent Methods 312 16.3 Hyperbranched Polymers 319 16.4 Dendrigraft Polymers 323 16.4.1 Divergent Grafting Onto Strategy 323 16.4.2 Divergent Grafting from Strategy 328 16.4.3 Convergent Grafting Through Strategy 332 16.5 Conclusion 333 References 334 17 Bone?inspired Biomaterials 337 Frank A. Muller 17.1 Introduction 337 17.2 Bone 337 17.3 Bone? like Materials 340 17.3.1 Biomimetic Apatite 340 17.3.2 Bone?inspired Hybrids 343 17.4 Bone? like Scaffolds 344 17.4.1 Additive Manufacturing 344 17.4.2 Ice Templating 346 17.5 Conclusion 349 References 349 18 Research Progress in Biomimetic Materials for Human Dental Caries Restoration 351 Yazi Wang, Fengwei Liu, Eric Habib, Ruili Wang, Xiaoze Jiang, X.X. Zhu, and Meifang Zhu 18.1 Introduction 351 18.2 Tooth Structure 351 18.3 The Formation Mechanism of Dental Caries 352 18.4 HA? filled Biomimetic Resin Composites 352 18.4.1 Particulate HA as Filler in Dental Restorative Resin Composites 352 18.4.2 Novel Shapes of HA as Fillers in Dental Restorative Resin Composites 354 18.4.3 Challenges and Future Developments 355 18.5 Biomimetic Synthesis of Enamel Microstructure 356 18.5.1 Amelogenins?containing Systems 356 18.5.2 Peptides?containing Systems 357 18.5.3 Biopolymer Gel Systems 359 18.5.4 Dendrimers?containing Systems 360 18.5.5 Surfactants/Chelators?containing Systems 360 18.5.6 Challenges and Future Developments 360 Acknowledgments 362 References 362 Index 365
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