AutoCAD For Dummies
AutoCAD For Dummies
John Wiley & Sons Inc
07/2019
544
Mole
Inglês
9781119580089
1074
Descrição não disponível.
Introduction 1 About This Book 2 Foolish Assumptions 3 Conventions Used in This Book 3 Using the command line 3 Using aliases 4 Icons Used in This Book 5 Beyond the Book 5 Where to Go from Here 6 Part 1: Getting Started with AutoCAD 7 Chapter 1: Introducing AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT 9 Launching AutoCAD 10 Drawing in AutoCAD 11 Understanding Pixels and Vectors 14 The Cartesian Coordinate System 15 Chapter 2: The Grand Tour of AutoCAD 17 Looking at AutoCAD's Drawing Screen 18 For your information 21 Making choices from the Application menu 22 Unraveling the Ribbon 24 Getting with the Program 27 Looking for Mr Status Bar 28 Using Dynamic Input 28 Let your fingers do the talking: The command line 29 The key(board) to AutoCAD success 30 Keeping tabs on palettes 34 Down the main stretch: The drawing area 34 Fun with F1 35 Chapter 3: A Lap around the CAD Track 37 A Simple Setup 38 Drawing a (Base) Plate 43 Taking a Closer Look with Zoom and Pan 51 Modifying to Make It Merrier 52 Crossing your hatches 53 Now that's a stretch 54 Following the Plot 57 Plotting the drawing 57 Today's layer forecast: Freezing 60 Chapter 4: Setup for Success 61 A Setup Roadmap 62 Choosing your units 62 Weighing up your scales 65 Thinking about paper 68 Defending your border 68 A Template for Success 69 Making the Most of Model Space 71 Setting your units 72 Making the drawing area snap-py (and grid-dy) 73 Setting linetype, text, and dimension scales 75 Entering drawing properties 76 Making Templates Your Own 77 Chapter 5: A Zoom with a View 83 Zooming and Panning with Glass and Hand 84 The wheel deal 84 Navigating a drawing 85 Zoom, Zoom, Zoom 87 A View by Any Other Name 89 Degenerating and Regenerating 91 Part 2: Let There Be Lines 93 Chapter 6: Along the Straight and Narrow 95 Drawing for Success 96 Introducing the Straight-Line Drawing Commands 97 Drawing Lines and Polylines 98 Toeing the line 100 Connecting the lines with polyline 100 Squaring Off with Rectangles 105 Choosing Sides with POLygon 106 Chapter 7: Dangerous Curves Ahead 109 Throwing Curves 109 Going Full Circle 110 Arc-y-ology 112 Solar Ellipses 114 Splines: Sketchy, Sinuous Curves 115 Donuts: Circles with a Difference 117 Revision Clouds on the Horizon 118 Scoring Points 120 Chapter 8: Preciseliness Is Next to CADliness 123 Controlling Precision 124 Understanding the AutoCAD Coordinate Systems 127 Keyboard capers: Coordinate input 127 Introducing user coordinate systems 128 Drawing by numbers 129 Grabbing an Object and Making It Snappy 131 Grabbing points with object snap overrides 132 Snap goes the cursor 134 Running with object snaps 135 Other Practical Precision Procedures 137 Chapter 9: Manage Your Properties 141 Using Properties with Objects 142 Using the ByLayer approach 142 Changing properties 144 Working with Layers 146 Accumulating properties 148 Creating new layers 149 Manipulating layers 156 Scaling an object's linetype 158 Using Named Objects 159 Using AutoCAD DesignCenter 161 Chapter 10: Grabbing Onto Object Selection 163 Commanding and Selecting 164 Command-first editing 164 Selection-first editing 164 Direct-object manipulation 164 Choosing an editing style 165 Selecting Objects 166 One-by-one selection 167 Selection boxes left and right 167 Tying up object selection 169 Perfecting Selecting 170 AutoCAD Groupies 173 Object Selection: Now You See It 173 Chapter 11: Edit for Credit 175 Assembling Your AutoCAD Toolkit 175 The Big Three: Move, COpy, and Stretch 178 Base points and displacements 178 Move 180 COpy 181 Copy between drawings 182 Stretch 182 More Manipulations 186 Mirror, mirror on the monitor 186 ROtate 188 SCale 189 -ARray 190 Offset 191 Slicing, Dicing, and Splicing 193 TRim and EXtend 193 BReak 195 Fillet, CHAmfer, and BLEND 196 Join 199 Other editing commands 201 Getting a Grip 202 When Editing Goes Bad 204 Dare to Compare 206 Chapter 12: Planning for Paper 207 Setting Up a Layout in Paper Space 210 The layout two-step 210 Put it on my tabs 212 Any Old Viewport in a Layout 213 Up and down the detail viewport scales 214 Keeping track of where you're at 216 Practice Makes Perfect 217 Clever Paper Space Tricks 217 Part 3: If Drawings Could Talk 219 Chapter 13: Text with Character 221 Getting Ready to Write 222 Creating Simply Stylish Text 224 Font follies 225 Get in style 226 Taking Your Text to New Heights 228 Plotted text height 228 Calculating non-annotative AutoCAD text height 228 Entering Text 230 Using the Same Old Line 230 Saying More in Multiline Text 233 Making it with mText 233 mText dons a mask 237 Insert Field 237 Doing a number on your mText lists 238 Line up in columns - now! 240 Modifying mText 242 Turning On Annotative Objects 242 Gather Round the Tables 245 Tables have style, too 246 Creating and editing tables 247 Take Me to Your Leader 250 Electing a leader 250 Multi options for multileaders 252 Chapter 14: Entering New Dimensions 253 Adding Dimensions to a Drawing 254 A Field Guide to Dimensions 257 Self-centered 259 Quick, dimension! 260 And now for the easy way 261 Where, oh where, do my dimensions go? 262 The Latest Styles in Dimensioning 263 Creating dimension styles 266 Adjusting style settings 268 Changing styles 272 Scaling Dimensions for Output 272 Editing Dimensions 275 Editing dimension geometry 275 Editing dimension text 277 Controlling and editing dimension associativity 278 And the Correct Layer Is 279 Chapter 15: Down the Hatch! 281 Creating a Hatch 281 Using the Hatches Tab 285 Scaling Hatches 288 Scaling the easy way 288 Annotative versus non-annotative 289 Pushing the Boundaries of Hatch 290 Adding style 290 Hatches from scratch 291 Editing Hatch Objects 293 Chapter 16: The Plot Thickens 295 You Say "Printing," I Say "Plotting" 296 The Plot Quickens 296 Plotting success in 16 steps 296 Getting with the system 301 Configuring your printer 301 Preview one, two 303 Instead of fit, scale it 303 Plotting the Layout of the Land 305 Plotting Lineweights and Colors 307 Plotting with style 307 Plotting through thick and thin 312 Plotting in color 316 It's a (Page) Setup! 317 Continuing the Plot Dialog 318 The Plot Sickens 321 Part 4: Advancing with AutoCAD 323 Chapter 17: The ABCs of Blocks 325 Rocking with Blocks 326 Creating Block Definitions 328 Inserting Blocks 332 Attributes: Fill-in-the-Blank Blocks 336 Creating attribute definitions 337 Defining blocks that contain attribute definitions 339 Inserting blocks that contain attribute definitions 339 Editing attribute values 340 Extracting data 340 Exploding Blocks 341 Purging Unused Block Definitions 341 Chapter 18: Everything from Arrays to Xrefs 343 Arraying Associatively 345 Comparing the old and new ARray commands 346 Hip, hip, array! 347 Associatively editing 353 Going External 354 Becoming attached to your xrefs 356 Layer-palooza 358 Editing an external reference file 358 Forging an xref path 359 Managing xrefs 361 Blocks, Xrefs, and Drawing Organization 363 Mastering the Raster 364 Attaching a raster image 365 Maintaining your image 366 You Say PDF; I Say DWF 367 Theme and Variations: Dynamic Blocks 369 Now you see it 370 Lights! Parameters! Actions! 374 Manipulating dynamic blocks 375 Chapter 19: Call the Parametrics! 377 Maintaining Design Intent 378 Defining terms 380 Forget about drawing with precision! 381 Constrain yourself 381 Understanding Geometric Constraints 382 Applying a little more constraint 384 Using inferred constraints 389 You AutoConstrain yourself! 389 Understanding Dimensional Constraints 390 Practice a little constraint 392 Making your drawing even smarter 394 Using the Parameters Manager 396 Dimensions or constraints? Have it both ways! 399 Lunchtime! 401 Chapter 20: Drawing on the Internet 403 The Internet and AutoCAD: An Overview 404 You send me 404 Prepare it with eTransmit 404 Rapid eTransmit 405 FTP for you and me 407 Increasing cloudiness 407 Bad reception? 408 Help from Reference Manager 408 The Drawing Protection Racket 410 Outgoing! 411 Autodesk weather forecast: Increasing cloud 411 Your head planted firmly in the cloud 412 AutoCAD Web and Mobile 413 Part 5: On a 3D Spree 415 Chapter 21: It's a 3D World After All 417 The 3.5 Kinds of 3D Digital Models 418 Tools of the 3D Trade 419 Warp speed ahead 420 Entering the third dimension 421 Untying the Ribbon and opening some palettes 422 Modeling from Above 423 Using 3D coordinate input 424 Using point filters 425 Object snaps and object snap tracking 425 Changing Planes 426 Displaying the UCS icon 426 Adjusting the UCS 426 Navigating the 3D Waters 431 Orbit a go-go 432 Taking a spin around the cube 433 Grabbing the Steering Wheels 434 Visualizing 3D Objects 435 On a Render Bender 437 Chapter 22: From Drawings to Models 439 Is 3D for Me? 440 Getting Your 3D Bearings 441 Creating a better 3D template 441 Seeing the world from new viewpoints 446 From Drawing to Modeling in 3D 448 Drawing basic 3D objects 448 Gaining a solid foundation 449 Drawing solid primitives 450 Adding the Third Dimension to 2D Objects 451 Adding thickness to a 2D object 451 Extruding open and closed objects 451 Pressing and pulling closed boundaries 452 Lofting open and closed objects 452 Sweeping open and closed objects along a path 453 Revolving open or closed objects around an axis 454 Modifying 3D Objects 454 Selecting subobjects 454 Working with gizmos 455 More 3D variants of 2D commands 456 Editing solids 457 Chapter 23: It's Showtime! 461 Get the 2D Out of Here! 462 A different point of view 466 Additional 3D tricks 467 AutoCAD's top model 467 Visualizing the Digital World 469 Adding Lighting 470 Default lighting 470 User-defined lights 471 Sunlight 474 Creating and Applying Materials 474 Defining a Background 477 Rendering a 3D Model 479 Chapter 24: AutoCAD Plays Well with Others 481 Get Out of Here! 481 Things that go BMP in the night 482 Vectoring in on WMF 483 And now here are the lumpy bits 484 PDF 485 What the DWF? 485 3D Print 486 But wait! There's more! 486 Open Up and Let Me In! 486 Editing other drawing file formats 487 PDF editing 487 Translation, Please! 489 The Importance of Being DWG 490 Part 6: The Part of Tens 493 Chapter 25: Ten AutoCAD Resources 495 Autodesk Discussion Groups 495 Autodesk's Own Blogs 495 Autodesk University 496 Autodesk Channel on YouTube 496 World Wide (CAD) Web 496 Your Local Authorized Training Center 497 Your Local User Group 497 Autodesk User Groups International 497 Books 498 Autodesk Feedback Community 498 Chapter 26: Ten System Variables to Make Your AutoCAD Life Easier 499 APERTURE 500 DIMASSOC 500 MENUBAR 501 MIRRTEXT 501 OSNAPZ 502 PICKBOX 502 REMEMBERFOLDERS 502 ROLLOVERTIPS 503 TOOLTIPS 503 VISRETAIN 504 And the Bonus Round 504 Chapter 27: Ten AutoCAD Secrets 505 Sheet Sets 505 Custom Tool Palettes 506 Ribbon Customization 506 Toolsets 506 Programming Languages 506 Vertical Versions 507 Language Packs 507 Multiple Projects or Clients 508 Data Extraction and Linking 508 Untying the Ribbon 508 Index 509
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<p>AutoCAD; AutoCAD project; AutoCAD projects; AutoCAD drawing; AutoCAD drawings; AutoCAD 3D; AutoCAD 3D drawings; AutoCAD modeling; AutoCAD drawing and modeling; Autodesk; AutoCAD 2019; AutoCAD 2020; AutoCAD For Dummies 2019 Edition; AutoCAD 23; AutoCAD 24; AutoCAD LT; drafting software; design software</p>
Introduction 1 About This Book 2 Foolish Assumptions 3 Conventions Used in This Book 3 Using the command line 3 Using aliases 4 Icons Used in This Book 5 Beyond the Book 5 Where to Go from Here 6 Part 1: Getting Started with AutoCAD 7 Chapter 1: Introducing AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT 9 Launching AutoCAD 10 Drawing in AutoCAD 11 Understanding Pixels and Vectors 14 The Cartesian Coordinate System 15 Chapter 2: The Grand Tour of AutoCAD 17 Looking at AutoCAD's Drawing Screen 18 For your information 21 Making choices from the Application menu 22 Unraveling the Ribbon 24 Getting with the Program 27 Looking for Mr Status Bar 28 Using Dynamic Input 28 Let your fingers do the talking: The command line 29 The key(board) to AutoCAD success 30 Keeping tabs on palettes 34 Down the main stretch: The drawing area 34 Fun with F1 35 Chapter 3: A Lap around the CAD Track 37 A Simple Setup 38 Drawing a (Base) Plate 43 Taking a Closer Look with Zoom and Pan 51 Modifying to Make It Merrier 52 Crossing your hatches 53 Now that's a stretch 54 Following the Plot 57 Plotting the drawing 57 Today's layer forecast: Freezing 60 Chapter 4: Setup for Success 61 A Setup Roadmap 62 Choosing your units 62 Weighing up your scales 65 Thinking about paper 68 Defending your border 68 A Template for Success 69 Making the Most of Model Space 71 Setting your units 72 Making the drawing area snap-py (and grid-dy) 73 Setting linetype, text, and dimension scales 75 Entering drawing properties 76 Making Templates Your Own 77 Chapter 5: A Zoom with a View 83 Zooming and Panning with Glass and Hand 84 The wheel deal 84 Navigating a drawing 85 Zoom, Zoom, Zoom 87 A View by Any Other Name 89 Degenerating and Regenerating 91 Part 2: Let There Be Lines 93 Chapter 6: Along the Straight and Narrow 95 Drawing for Success 96 Introducing the Straight-Line Drawing Commands 97 Drawing Lines and Polylines 98 Toeing the line 100 Connecting the lines with polyline 100 Squaring Off with Rectangles 105 Choosing Sides with POLygon 106 Chapter 7: Dangerous Curves Ahead 109 Throwing Curves 109 Going Full Circle 110 Arc-y-ology 112 Solar Ellipses 114 Splines: Sketchy, Sinuous Curves 115 Donuts: Circles with a Difference 117 Revision Clouds on the Horizon 118 Scoring Points 120 Chapter 8: Preciseliness Is Next to CADliness 123 Controlling Precision 124 Understanding the AutoCAD Coordinate Systems 127 Keyboard capers: Coordinate input 127 Introducing user coordinate systems 128 Drawing by numbers 129 Grabbing an Object and Making It Snappy 131 Grabbing points with object snap overrides 132 Snap goes the cursor 134 Running with object snaps 135 Other Practical Precision Procedures 137 Chapter 9: Manage Your Properties 141 Using Properties with Objects 142 Using the ByLayer approach 142 Changing properties 144 Working with Layers 146 Accumulating properties 148 Creating new layers 149 Manipulating layers 156 Scaling an object's linetype 158 Using Named Objects 159 Using AutoCAD DesignCenter 161 Chapter 10: Grabbing Onto Object Selection 163 Commanding and Selecting 164 Command-first editing 164 Selection-first editing 164 Direct-object manipulation 164 Choosing an editing style 165 Selecting Objects 166 One-by-one selection 167 Selection boxes left and right 167 Tying up object selection 169 Perfecting Selecting 170 AutoCAD Groupies 173 Object Selection: Now You See It 173 Chapter 11: Edit for Credit 175 Assembling Your AutoCAD Toolkit 175 The Big Three: Move, COpy, and Stretch 178 Base points and displacements 178 Move 180 COpy 181 Copy between drawings 182 Stretch 182 More Manipulations 186 Mirror, mirror on the monitor 186 ROtate 188 SCale 189 -ARray 190 Offset 191 Slicing, Dicing, and Splicing 193 TRim and EXtend 193 BReak 195 Fillet, CHAmfer, and BLEND 196 Join 199 Other editing commands 201 Getting a Grip 202 When Editing Goes Bad 204 Dare to Compare 206 Chapter 12: Planning for Paper 207 Setting Up a Layout in Paper Space 210 The layout two-step 210 Put it on my tabs 212 Any Old Viewport in a Layout 213 Up and down the detail viewport scales 214 Keeping track of where you're at 216 Practice Makes Perfect 217 Clever Paper Space Tricks 217 Part 3: If Drawings Could Talk 219 Chapter 13: Text with Character 221 Getting Ready to Write 222 Creating Simply Stylish Text 224 Font follies 225 Get in style 226 Taking Your Text to New Heights 228 Plotted text height 228 Calculating non-annotative AutoCAD text height 228 Entering Text 230 Using the Same Old Line 230 Saying More in Multiline Text 233 Making it with mText 233 mText dons a mask 237 Insert Field 237 Doing a number on your mText lists 238 Line up in columns - now! 240 Modifying mText 242 Turning On Annotative Objects 242 Gather Round the Tables 245 Tables have style, too 246 Creating and editing tables 247 Take Me to Your Leader 250 Electing a leader 250 Multi options for multileaders 252 Chapter 14: Entering New Dimensions 253 Adding Dimensions to a Drawing 254 A Field Guide to Dimensions 257 Self-centered 259 Quick, dimension! 260 And now for the easy way 261 Where, oh where, do my dimensions go? 262 The Latest Styles in Dimensioning 263 Creating dimension styles 266 Adjusting style settings 268 Changing styles 272 Scaling Dimensions for Output 272 Editing Dimensions 275 Editing dimension geometry 275 Editing dimension text 277 Controlling and editing dimension associativity 278 And the Correct Layer Is 279 Chapter 15: Down the Hatch! 281 Creating a Hatch 281 Using the Hatches Tab 285 Scaling Hatches 288 Scaling the easy way 288 Annotative versus non-annotative 289 Pushing the Boundaries of Hatch 290 Adding style 290 Hatches from scratch 291 Editing Hatch Objects 293 Chapter 16: The Plot Thickens 295 You Say "Printing," I Say "Plotting" 296 The Plot Quickens 296 Plotting success in 16 steps 296 Getting with the system 301 Configuring your printer 301 Preview one, two 303 Instead of fit, scale it 303 Plotting the Layout of the Land 305 Plotting Lineweights and Colors 307 Plotting with style 307 Plotting through thick and thin 312 Plotting in color 316 It's a (Page) Setup! 317 Continuing the Plot Dialog 318 The Plot Sickens 321 Part 4: Advancing with AutoCAD 323 Chapter 17: The ABCs of Blocks 325 Rocking with Blocks 326 Creating Block Definitions 328 Inserting Blocks 332 Attributes: Fill-in-the-Blank Blocks 336 Creating attribute definitions 337 Defining blocks that contain attribute definitions 339 Inserting blocks that contain attribute definitions 339 Editing attribute values 340 Extracting data 340 Exploding Blocks 341 Purging Unused Block Definitions 341 Chapter 18: Everything from Arrays to Xrefs 343 Arraying Associatively 345 Comparing the old and new ARray commands 346 Hip, hip, array! 347 Associatively editing 353 Going External 354 Becoming attached to your xrefs 356 Layer-palooza 358 Editing an external reference file 358 Forging an xref path 359 Managing xrefs 361 Blocks, Xrefs, and Drawing Organization 363 Mastering the Raster 364 Attaching a raster image 365 Maintaining your image 366 You Say PDF; I Say DWF 367 Theme and Variations: Dynamic Blocks 369 Now you see it 370 Lights! Parameters! Actions! 374 Manipulating dynamic blocks 375 Chapter 19: Call the Parametrics! 377 Maintaining Design Intent 378 Defining terms 380 Forget about drawing with precision! 381 Constrain yourself 381 Understanding Geometric Constraints 382 Applying a little more constraint 384 Using inferred constraints 389 You AutoConstrain yourself! 389 Understanding Dimensional Constraints 390 Practice a little constraint 392 Making your drawing even smarter 394 Using the Parameters Manager 396 Dimensions or constraints? Have it both ways! 399 Lunchtime! 401 Chapter 20: Drawing on the Internet 403 The Internet and AutoCAD: An Overview 404 You send me 404 Prepare it with eTransmit 404 Rapid eTransmit 405 FTP for you and me 407 Increasing cloudiness 407 Bad reception? 408 Help from Reference Manager 408 The Drawing Protection Racket 410 Outgoing! 411 Autodesk weather forecast: Increasing cloud 411 Your head planted firmly in the cloud 412 AutoCAD Web and Mobile 413 Part 5: On a 3D Spree 415 Chapter 21: It's a 3D World After All 417 The 3.5 Kinds of 3D Digital Models 418 Tools of the 3D Trade 419 Warp speed ahead 420 Entering the third dimension 421 Untying the Ribbon and opening some palettes 422 Modeling from Above 423 Using 3D coordinate input 424 Using point filters 425 Object snaps and object snap tracking 425 Changing Planes 426 Displaying the UCS icon 426 Adjusting the UCS 426 Navigating the 3D Waters 431 Orbit a go-go 432 Taking a spin around the cube 433 Grabbing the Steering Wheels 434 Visualizing 3D Objects 435 On a Render Bender 437 Chapter 22: From Drawings to Models 439 Is 3D for Me? 440 Getting Your 3D Bearings 441 Creating a better 3D template 441 Seeing the world from new viewpoints 446 From Drawing to Modeling in 3D 448 Drawing basic 3D objects 448 Gaining a solid foundation 449 Drawing solid primitives 450 Adding the Third Dimension to 2D Objects 451 Adding thickness to a 2D object 451 Extruding open and closed objects 451 Pressing and pulling closed boundaries 452 Lofting open and closed objects 452 Sweeping open and closed objects along a path 453 Revolving open or closed objects around an axis 454 Modifying 3D Objects 454 Selecting subobjects 454 Working with gizmos 455 More 3D variants of 2D commands 456 Editing solids 457 Chapter 23: It's Showtime! 461 Get the 2D Out of Here! 462 A different point of view 466 Additional 3D tricks 467 AutoCAD's top model 467 Visualizing the Digital World 469 Adding Lighting 470 Default lighting 470 User-defined lights 471 Sunlight 474 Creating and Applying Materials 474 Defining a Background 477 Rendering a 3D Model 479 Chapter 24: AutoCAD Plays Well with Others 481 Get Out of Here! 481 Things that go BMP in the night 482 Vectoring in on WMF 483 And now here are the lumpy bits 484 PDF 485 What the DWF? 485 3D Print 486 But wait! There's more! 486 Open Up and Let Me In! 486 Editing other drawing file formats 487 PDF editing 487 Translation, Please! 489 The Importance of Being DWG 490 Part 6: The Part of Tens 493 Chapter 25: Ten AutoCAD Resources 495 Autodesk Discussion Groups 495 Autodesk's Own Blogs 495 Autodesk University 496 Autodesk Channel on YouTube 496 World Wide (CAD) Web 496 Your Local Authorized Training Center 497 Your Local User Group 497 Autodesk User Groups International 497 Books 498 Autodesk Feedback Community 498 Chapter 26: Ten System Variables to Make Your AutoCAD Life Easier 499 APERTURE 500 DIMASSOC 500 MENUBAR 501 MIRRTEXT 501 OSNAPZ 502 PICKBOX 502 REMEMBERFOLDERS 502 ROLLOVERTIPS 503 TOOLTIPS 503 VISRETAIN 504 And the Bonus Round 504 Chapter 27: Ten AutoCAD Secrets 505 Sheet Sets 505 Custom Tool Palettes 506 Ribbon Customization 506 Toolsets 506 Programming Languages 506 Vertical Versions 507 Language Packs 507 Multiple Projects or Clients 508 Data Extraction and Linking 508 Untying the Ribbon 508 Index 509
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
<p>AutoCAD; AutoCAD project; AutoCAD projects; AutoCAD drawing; AutoCAD drawings; AutoCAD 3D; AutoCAD 3D drawings; AutoCAD modeling; AutoCAD drawing and modeling; Autodesk; AutoCAD 2019; AutoCAD 2020; AutoCAD For Dummies 2019 Edition; AutoCAD 23; AutoCAD 24; AutoCAD LT; drafting software; design software</p>
